Factors Affecting Millennium Development Goals Progress

Factors Affecting millenary festering destructions ProgressAbstract pissing and sanitisation is a global canker facing the most mankind creation especially in Africa. Policy makers anticipate 80 zillion Euros ar subscribeed e truly year to provide prefatory sanitization to the rural measly nation to ease destitution, whence the pauperism to get an in depth view of sanitisation lagging behind is paramount. This constitution aims to measure the factors causing the backward of progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals(MDG) in scurvy-income countries. The pace are referable to in comely fundament systems, skilled toil constraints, insufficient governmental sympathiesal go out and evolution of population. It go away review menstruation studies in the welkin and analyse motley constraints that jeopardise the contactment of the sanitization using precisely gold coast. In this review article, pothouselish journals, draws, congregations are find. As a results of the above review factors that is hampering MDG sanitization for Goal 7, it was concluded that indemnity framework should be put in place whereas government and bring iner arrangements en obligate and invest to a greater extent in sanitization. The investigate should assist in the development process in an optimised way of addressing urine and sanitization issues and release better understanding of surroundingsal differing that is triggering the success of MDGs.KeywordsMillennium Development Goals gold coast Factors affecting peeing and sanitisation development1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDCurrently, 2.6 trillion muckle in the population has no nettle to adequate sanitation(Marion W.jenkins ,2007) and 1.1 billion wish safe insobriety urine . (Water Aid,2008)representing to two fifth of the domain population, leading up to range of diseases like cholera, a devastating let of child deaths(Marion W. 2007). In Asia 675 trillion people are w ithout improved alcohol addiction water sources and in sub-Sahara Africa, only 36% has no access to basic sanitation (Christine L. And Richard D.2006).The ability of menial-income countries to racyly solicit external computer backup to home base up aid is the major confronting issue today. As vast subprogram of humans-wide organisations on the verged to address the problem in developing world whiles envisaging the motivating for e genuinely humanity to have access to basic sanitation, gold coast as musical composition of the sub Saharan Africa impart non be able to achieve the MDGs (DFID,2006).UNICEFThe universe Summit on Sustainable Development(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002 adopted an world(prenominal) sanitation intent to halve the fig of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015.This target promptly transform its self for water publish in support of the Millennium Development Goal of ensuring environmental sustainability(WELL,2003). Considering figures above, indicates the progress and geo graphic field of battles of where water and sanitation has covered as of the year 2002.The enormity of the constraints comes with the acknowledgement that poor allege of infrastructure impediments are the cause of not achieving the MDGs(refer to appendix2 ) because 50% of the population cannot access improved service serving as an issue(Antonio E.2005), (UN,2007).William Easterly,2008 argued that the MDG are unfair to Africa because MDGs are poorly and arbitrarily innovati mavend to measure progress against pauperisation and deprivation, and that their design makes Africa looks worse than it really was. Most importantly, another article resignd the need for external donors to accession funding although infrastructure systems is another challenging(hlsp, 2009).Contrary the (UNDP,2008) report declare that neglect of framework do monitory difficult to measure and at that placefore data approachability in other cases was unpredic plug-in for the reason been poor system of infrastructure in some countries for collecting appropriate statistics. Empirically, programmes in sanitation in developing countries has been fruitful and yielding results (Marion W. Jenkins and Beth Scott,2007) yet there is an overwhelming number of people who keep on installing latrines or toilet facilities in their homes without subsidy from donors to improved sanitation. Moreover, the global humour modify that insurance policy makers have been preaching, the clash in Africa where water crisis is escalating and water table been high especially in the region of Tamale where is terribly hard to tire a sunken borehole a get water even if there is then is possible it may contained 40% of salt(REVSODEP/SIMAVI,2003). Other studies have shown that climate change is a contest to the success of the MDG( join Nations Economic and social council,2007). A number of studies have reported MDG trend progress of sanitation in gold coast as shown in (app endix1 and appendix 5) shows a series of come-at-able indicators how gold coast is progressing even though comments regarding poor infrastructure systems exist (Christine L. And Richard D.,2006) which tends to cue the success of sanitation projects in the developing nations . Similar findings have been made via (UN ,2006)department of economic and social affairs. However, most of these studies were based on different ground orientations and gross domestic product(GDP) performance raised at the time the glance was made. As such, Aid scaling up(Peter S.Heller,2005) to the overriding . International Journal on environment resource public health in Zambia 2006 found that lack of well staffed health flush facilities, electricity, portable water, roads, adequate transportation and intercourse facilities contributed immensely to not bear oning the sanitation target quiet unconnected from the political instability of other African region. This analysis is similar to slight developm ent of in local and national institutions in randomness Africa(Neville,G.2003) although south Africa is progressing well as compare to Ghana and others. The following Other objectives volition enable us dig out further factors.To make a literature review of MDG in sanitation and evaluate current applied apprehension options used.Identify factors seen in other studies.To develop, discuss and analyse data.Make recommendations/ system for promoting sanitation development.1.2 GhanaThe republic of Ghana is a rural in westmost Africa with a population of about 22.1 million people(iicd,2007).The country was the firstly sub-Saharan Africa country to obtain independence from colonial reins on the sixth of march 1957.Despite the country rich in natural resources such as cocoa, gold, timber, bauxite, salt and lately the discovered crude oil, the country is still in perennial sunk with water and sanitation diseases. After colonial rule the country is divided into 10 different regions wh ich include, Northern region-Tamale, Bolgatanga, upper west region, Ashanti region, Volta region, Brong ahafo region, primal region, Eastern region, Greater Accra and western region(see appendix8) . In Ghana rural population who have access to safe water in 2005 stood at 54%, rural population with access to household latrine 25%, urban population with access to safe water 78% whiles 45% of urban citizens can boost of household latrine(WELL,2004).2. Skilled labour constraintsIt has been observed that for the Millennium Development Goal to achieve the set target in the arena of water and sanitation the human resources are zippy. Shortages of skilled mortals ( domain of a function till report,2005), (Lancet,2004)affect the health systems as indicative to progress of the MDGs.Erica User in 2005 indicated that international migration is associated with the non achievement of the MDG which seems to be increasing alarming and no resourceful person to deliver sustained latrines. The ge neral conception that the success of MDG 2015 will be met only when african government invest more in sanitation(Arne B. And Abebe S. 2006) than they do now can be in approperiate in some countries without the inevitable manpower skill needed. Conventionally, it will also interest the international participation to realiseing the poverty nature in developing countries are more than the recoarse (IWA,2008)and thereof should be examine in different perspective way, progress has been hampered by population growth, unbattled HIV/AIDS, wide spread poverty.The view supported by working(a) policy No.45 of (Goerge Essegbey et al 2007) who discovered that innovation in water and sanitation systems were made but was beyond the capacity of of the local people. different in Kumasi a population of 19% of Ghana population nose count 2000 where technical drawings were made by a consultants for a contractor to execute the work and due to lack of skills required to execute the Ventilated pro cession project with respect to the design specifications ,errors were degenerated due to the fact that local people incorporated bamboo sticks in the facility leading to unsuccessful work done. comparing the situation in Asia to Ghana,(Ljiljana and Ram,2006) in 32nd WEDC international conference in Sri lanka vividly said institutional capacity expression can been sight as the most hindering factor for MDGs. Professional such as engineers who are knowlegeable, skillful and are suppose to assist Non governmental organisation and biotic community based organisations in advocating and trainning the latter were seen non available. Again, sanitation projects were constructed in Nepal as shown in the figure3 below similarly described by (JMP ,2008)is a latrine constructed without a slab cover can be considered unimproved. The latrine was contracted to unskilled contractor without the trainee. Moreover, (Maguire,1990) disputable said Lack of knowledge of lower cost technologies and us e of technologies in appropriate for developing countries was given in 1988 as one of the obstacles to ex success.3. Political willSome studies have shown knowledgeablly that lack of political (appendix 11) wil bankers billss contributed to the slow progress of water and sanitation development in the south(Trocaire,2005),(IWA,2006), (macho ventura,2008). In Ghana for prototype,Rural areas and small towns had benefited from cross-subsides on water made possible high tariffs in larger urban areas. But in preparing for privatisation, the government has eliminated such concession by separating out the more lucrative urban water services. This jeopardised the monetary sustainability of rural services(UNDP,2007) policy research brief illustrated. On the other hand, this was been carried due to two or more reasons after the implementation of the scheme and as developing change comeby some policy of government will need to change in order not to cause future mischance in the long run. Although Subsides need to be provided in oder to promote ingenuous access to utility services. Some utilitties have introduce life line tariffs in which minimal levels of utility services are provided free or at a low cost. Essentially, the UNSGAB,2008 undeniably illustrate that 12% of sub-Saharan africa national health budget is spend only in providing sanitation and related health services and 50% of the hospital beds are tenanted for the same reason. However, experts predicts by 2015 2.1 billion people will still lack sanitation especially in sub-sahara africa untill 2076 (ENS,2008) word of honor.In contrast, some sub saharan African leaders invest a lot of funds in the area of infrastructure and services in water and sanitation in the main into public firmaments with other development partners even though these funds are decreasing for various reasons and the share commercial is financing is still very low. The Ghana water and Sewerage Coporation(GWSC), a public utility ch arged with the duty, among others, of achieving self financing status however due to lack of political will by the government over the years to institute adequate tariffs devastated the finances of the GWSC(George Akosa,1995).This situation ,coupled with the general declined of Ghana economy,resulted in most of the operating(a) water supply projects being in a poor state of repair of lacking the installed capacity to provide adequate service.We will believably say the government does invest is only the population in Africa suppuration leading the people in an extreme poverty from 44.6% to 46.4% as shown in appendix 4,10. Furthermore, Ghana is reported to be on track to affect the target of halving poverty by 2015(UNESC,2008) it is yet uncertain if sanitation will be met. There is an improvement in the HIV but the deadlock is still unmet in basic sanitation.USAID argued that should the current progress continue as it is now only water and sanitation in all countries will be met by 2015 whiles (UN News Center,2008)secretary general Ban Ki Mo affirm lack of political will will be the biggest obtacle to imrpoving sanitation on world water day. (vandemoortele,2002) ,considering the perceptions incurr by similar reports and journals that government coronation is far less.(Ekow.E,2008)demonstrated that special issue of pushing policy on energy in Africa with case studies on Zambia, etc explained at least the political will of many governments to improve the quality and quantity of energy services as a prerequisite for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. More significantly, unwillginess of government or political interest in sanitation per say,J.Edgardo campos and sanjay pradhan(2007) found that tackling subversive activity in the water and sanitation sector in some part of Africa was the primary reason for the MDGs not been on target as stipulated. Osumanu Issaka Kanton in Ghana mentioned African governments, like most countries in the develo ping world, organisation daunting tasks in their attempts to provide effective and equitable water and sanitation services for their ever increasing urban population,the paper however, contrasted that since the early mid-nineties the government of Ghana and many local authorities have entered into various public-private partnerships in urban water and sanitation using Tamale as a case studies where private has done nothing invigorated public sector not have achieved and therefore concluded that there can be no sustainable improvement in water and sanitation cooking without political commitment, s assumeholder ownership and strong support for community driven initiatives(2008)4.Over populationPoulation change seen as the major propeling factor for the MDGs in developing country with regards to water and sanitation(UNWPP,2005), (ENS,2008). fig 8 shows summary in the graph. The data from these graph was available from mainly from the estimates an medium variant. USAID monitoring repo rt for 2006 MDGs, for instance, found that family formulation practice will enhance the unmet MDGs to achieve the Goals by reducing the surface of the targetted population groups which will then lowering the costs of meeting the MDGs in Sub-saharan Africa. Fig 9 table I.1 illustrates the report survey.Untill recently, (Esmarie Swanepoel,2008) publised article elaborate africa falling behind on millennium development goals-UN as the counterpoise of people in sub saharan africa living below poverty decreased from 55.7% in 1990, to 50.3% in 2005. However, because of the population growth, the number of people in the region living in extreme poverty, grew by 100 million over the period. Using the below projections, the author (Dr.Jean C. 2006 ) and others have reported diaphanous effect population growth has on Sub-sahara in terms of unguaranteed drinking water and sanitation in meeting the MDGs by the anticipate or stipulated year. Factually, the world health organisation (WHO,2 004) annual sagaciousness report substaintiate by saying that the world is on track to meet the drinking water target, but sub-sahara africa lags behind and conflict and political instability is a contributory factor with high rate of population growth and low priority given to water and sanitation will be a mirage. The paper concluded that whats more is the reason been the breakdown of water supply systems in rural africa is of high rates. One of the effective approaches shown to be accetable and back up the progress process drawn by the paper was decentralising responsibility and ownership and providing a choice of service level to communties based on their willingness and ability to pay.Urban population growth was estimated to change magnitude in growth in developing countries from 1.9 billion to 3.9 billion 2030, averaging 3.2% per year which is a major challenge for achieving MDG sanitation(UNESCO IHE,2007). The diagramme in fig 8 and fig9 indicates the percentage of the pop ulation living in major cities. The arguement goes to intensify the fact that water supply and sanitation will be an acute defrauder for a decades to come.SourceUNICEF(data online)5. ConclusionIn short this paper looks at the slow progress of Millennium Development Goals with center on in developing countries especially sub saharan africa with respect to water and sanitation and various factors affecting the progress.The article then went further in reviewing various studies and literature presented by authors , analysing other views in the subject area and detailing sanitation situation in the case of Ghana.It was found that the systems of infrastructure has made it difficult for the MDGs team to montior effectively the progress and concrete availability of data was inevitable for correlation in knowing the exact people in sub saharan africa that are not covered as far as water and sanitation is concern. Governments interest in investing much funds in sanitary projects was seen lagging other projects in Africa even like health sectors was seen stampeding such as water sector was progressing steadily as compared to specifically sanitation due to high poverty in some countries and HIV/AIDS among others demanding. Therefore,the was the need for donor organisations to increase aid for the developing world.High population growth and inapproperiate use of low technologies were another contributory constraints in achieving the MDG since the number of populates in african countries was increased drastically by a material amount with diseases and malnutrion been high among children 0-5 years of age and rising in birth was due to either unpredicted pregnancy or unaware or misapplication of farmily planning do by for at their possession.Skilled labour constraints therefore was one of the impediments that contributed tremendously unsound towards the goals of the MDG in wardly due to the fact that skilled migrates leave the developing countries not only for better salaries and rumerations but virtue of better health care systems in developed world. In some cases institutional capacity building was seen as vital challenge for the MDGs in africa which some where in Asia for example Nepal it was much the same similarity.However, despite various studies been carried out by operable institutions and authors with different methods of approaches in addressing the Millennium Development Goals in water and sanitation, the plans has littler consistency between different countries , thus making it difficult for policy makers to measure and track progress and so therefore Septentie appraisal of attitudes of stakeholders to the factors change progress to MDG.AcknowledgementsThe Author wish to acknowledge other writers for their assidious and great workdone and for the support provided by Dr.John Williams of Portsmouth University.It is also our pledge to send our sincere gratitude for the University Liberians for their kind apparent movement and contr ibutions towards and during the literature review session.8. 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(2007) UNESCO-IHE institute for water Education. Challenges for urban water supply and sanitation in developing countries. Discussion draft paper. www.unesco-ihe.org/content/download/1016/11873/file/9.paper%20isation%20kala%20.pdfHealth and PovertyAll over the world, the cost of health care is usually quite high. Poor families have worse health conditions than those with higher incomes. Health is paramount for poor people and in most instances, their very environment is a threat to them. Improving environmental conditions including providing water, sanitation and real waste management services is basic to the creation of sustainabl e livelihoods and the settlement of poverty.Water related diseases like guinea worm and trachoma still aversion portions of West Africa. A person suffering from guinea worm looses a lot of productive farm time which reduces their income. Ghana is currently one of the leading guinea worm endemic countries in the world.Lack of political will biggest obstacle to improving sanitation Secretary-General22 March 2008 A lack of political will remains the greatest obstacle to efforts to drastically reduce the number of people without access to basic sanitation and unfermented, path water, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said today, calling on the international community to take firmer and faster steps to tackle the problem.If we take up the challenge, the positive impact will reverberate far beyond better access to clean water, Mr. Ban said in a message to mark World Water Day, which is celebrated today. This years Day also coincides with the International division of Sanitation.Every d ollar invested in water and sanitation yields an estimate seven dollars worth of productive activity. And that comes on top of the immeasurable gains in slash poverty, improving health and raising living standards.The Secretary-General described it as horrid that a child dies on average every 20 seconds because of sub-standard sanitation conditions a situation endured by an estimated 2.6 billion people worldwide, or more than a third of the global population that are preventable.Poor sanitation combines with a lack of safe drinking water and inadequate hygiene to contribute to the terrible global death toll. Those who survive face pinched chances of living a healthy and productive existence. Children, especially girls, are forced to stay out of school, while hygiene-related diseases keep adults from engaging in productive work.Halving the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation is one of the ogdoad Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) devised at a global leader s pate in 2000, but the world is far behind the pace to achieve that by the target date of 2015, Mr. Ban said.Experts predict that by 2015, 2.1 billion people will still lack basic sanitation. At the present rate, sub-Saharan Africa will not reach the target until 2076.This years World Water Day also coincides with the International Year of Sanitation.Population growth, far-flung poverty and insufficient investment are among the key obstacles, but the Secretary-General historied that the biggest culprit is the lack of political will.Events are being held around the world this weekend to highlight World Water Day, including the staging of a public toilet queue demonstration to raise awareness about the sanitation crisis around the globe. A similar event was held in New Yorks Central Park on Thursday. Wold bank graphic showing the failure of Africa to meet the MDGs.