Research proposal

Research proposalIntroductionThe seek proposal you argon near to read is constructed in secernate to describe the look into be sick I go forth execute. I imparting execute this research insure in order to finalize the educational program ICT in worry at Leiden University. In this proposal I leave give the documentary and explain the methodology of this research. First, I all toldow for leap out with an introduction of the report and the theoretical background.The research allow for be hosted and supervised by Getronics Consulting and depart be executed at the Business Unit groundbreaking applied science (BUIT). The time span of this research will be 24 weeks. diligenceThis research will be foc utilize on the Dutch ICT consultancy assiduity. This industry suits my interests and the friendship I gained during the educational program ICT in Business.Getronics ConsultingGetronics Consulting is an ICT Consultancy firm which operates in various marketplaces want f inancial, industrial, educational, public and healthc atomic number 18. Getronics Consulting advises companies on their ICT-strategy and executes ICT reorganizations based on knowledge just close current ICT-architectures. They streamline and integrate populate, process and technology in order to create a reliable ICT-architecture which is well-disposed anywhere at any time. Getronics Consulting has already 20 years vex in IT operate Management and has a working force of 1400 scramd professionals.The ambitionGetronics Consulting wants to be known as the opinion leader in the ara of wind standards and advanced selective nurture and conversation technologies. Business and ICT-trends argon translated into concrete and in operation(p) products and services. They state that every seam process of necessity a nonher ICT start and call themselves architects of the invisible.The processionIn their salute in improving ICT-services, they legitimateize all aspects of the or ganization people, products, partners and processes. From that perspective, Getronics Consulting offers dungeon in setting up and optimizing ICT organizations. The ism is to enable employees to do their work more efficient.Business Unit Innovative TechnologyThe Business Unit Innovative Technology (BUIT) is a competence center in the field of tissue national Management and ( coactionism) portals. The guest base includes assorted organizations throughout the Netherlands varying from government, energy, media and logistical service returnrs. The tools hired by BUIT are SDL Tridion and Microsoft SharePoint.The execution of successful ICT projects is based on the collaboration between People, Process and Technology. These technologies employ by BUIT support the node inquires in various miens and are part of Enterprise Content Management (electronic countermeasures).Enterprise Content ManagementThe Association for Information and film Management (AIIM), in any case known a s the electronic countermeasures association defines ECM asThe strategies, methods and tools apply to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver core and documents related to organizational processes. ECM tools and strategies will the circumspection of an organizations unstructured development, wherever that nurture exists (AIIM, 2008, What is ECM?, para.1.).The solutions offered by BUIT are within the manage category. This category has five traditional cover areas (Kampffmeyer, 2004)Document Management (DM)Collaboration net Content Management (WCM) eternize Management (RM)Workflow/business process management (BPM)BUIT has the focus on dickens application areas collaboration and WCM. The guest necessarily are back up with contrastive solutions (Tridion SharePoint) around the stand menti angiotensin converting enzyme(a)d mentioned application areas.The approachGetronics Consulting brought structure into the approach of their projects. They based this approach on th e experiences of projects executed in the past. These experiences are bundled into opera hat practices which are based on the eBusiness Development Cycle. The eBusiness Development Cycle consists of vi phases. I will elaborate on these phases to give an explanation of the almost important activities.StrategyKnowing the mission, vision and goals of the customer is important in order to learn in what direction that organization wants to move. A take a leak business case is delivered which describes the attention deficit disordered-value of the desired solution. second, a conceptual radiation diagram is created. This blueprint will describe the building blocks of the system in a operating(a) as well as a expert manner. A flexible and modular architecture is the fundamental idea which enables serve wellalities to be added in the incoming with minimal adaptations. This blueprint will in addition function as a starting point of the second phase.PreparationDuring this phase, s everal analyses will be done. First, to prolongher with the customer, the sources of data which pick out to be exposeded up are identified. In otherwise words, what kind of business message does the customer adopt and for what purpose. Secondly, a prioritized list of the desired functionalities is created. This document will describe the need-to- scores and the nice-to- bring ons. Also, a s arse of the al-Qaeda is performed in order to compare the current infrastructure with the desired infrastructure. This scan will identify possible technical bottlenecks. by and by these analyses, the organization itself will be analyzed in order to get a general picture and to see how the sassy solution would enclothe in. The master(prenominal) purpose is to define which processes, responsibilities and tasks are related to the cooperatedesk, technical management and functional- or application management.Finally, all he cultivation gained from the analyses will be the input of the proj ect plan. This plan will be created based on the project management methodology Price2.DesignDuring the excogitate phase, several headings will be expanded in detail. These formulas are the basic foundation of what should be built during realization. The designs to be delivered are infrastructural design, graphical design, functional design and technical design. acceptation criteria will be written down by the customer. These criteria will be used at a later stage in order to test if the delivered product friction matches the customers criteria.Every carrying out necessitate its acceptation. Acceptation within the organization is a crucial factor of the success of an implementation. Therefore, an integrating plan is created which describes the tasks, responsibilities and processes in such a way the customer understands how they should fate with them.RealizationThe designs of the latter phase are approved and BUIT will start with the implementation of the infrastructure and t he development of custom components. External functionalities and connections will also be realized.Finally, all the realized functionalities will be time-tested consort to the acceptation criteria before the actual implementation takes place.ImplementationDuring this phase, existing content will be migrated to the naked as a jaybird system according to the migration plan. The users of these new functionalities will be trained properly. Also, the apply system will be tested in order see how it performs and what kind of influence it has on the environment. The users are the last ones testing the system. Again, this is based on the acceptation criteria. During this test, the users will look into the usability and user interfaces of the system.Bugs, found during the tests will be fixed and last only when not least the system will go live including the talk to the end-users.MaintenanceThe maintenance phase is the practicable situation after implementation of the complete system . The emphasis of this phase lies on proper documentation in order to simplify and support future developments and decisions. If necessary, backup- and observe processes can be arranged. In the end, an evaluation of the project and its output will be executed. customer broadcastulateThe customer requests received by BUIT are especially intimately online collaboration and the publication of business tuition ( net Content Management). Today, these processes are back up by internet technologies. The following sections will elaborate on these customer needs. web Content ManagementCustomers have the need to maintain business information in an easy and intuitive way and deliver it accessible for those who are authorized to see the content. Information should not be confused around the organization accessible via distinct chopines, un little via one exchange plan. Organizational members should also be able to add content to this platform.Adding and maintaining information is on e thing, finding the information is another important feature. Organizations have the need to find information via one central search engine which mines different business information sources. nigh information is confidential and should only be accessible via the intranet. Organizations can also have the need to share information with the outside orbit. Think about jobs, news etc.CollaborationCollaboration, congenital for improving productivity, becomes more and more important as global market opportunities and competition increase (Soriano, Lizcano, Caas, Reyes, Hierro, 2007). Today, there are all kinds of collaboration platforms addressable. BUIT is specialized in Microsoft SharePoint. Microsoft SharePoint is an enterprise platform which supports organizations with collaboration. SharePoint enables people to access diverse resources of information via one platform regardless the devices they have available (Microsoft, 2009). rice beer in new technologiesBUIT notices the emerge nce of new technologies and is interested in how these new tools are able to support their current and near-future customer needs. With these new technologies I confer with to entanglement 2.0 technologies. BUITs assumptions about Web 2.0 are not rare. Some researchers come up with statements which add even more interrogative marks. concord to Tedennick (2006) Web 2.0 technologies have the advantage of adaptability to the business environment and responsiveness to ever-changing business information needs. He argues that Web 2.0 technologies may offer real benefits in business environments where information plays a vital berth. Bughin and numerousika (2007) vocalize that Web 2.0 technologies rely on user collaboration.For BUIT, this raises a couple of questions. What should we do with Web 2.0? Should we embrace Web 2.0, if yes, why? And what are the benefits of Web 2.0 when living our customers needs?Web 2.0Nowadays, new technologies emerged under the label Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is a label coined by OReilly (2005) to describe new ensamples which emerged due to the changes occurred by the use of internet. These patterns do not describe the technology exactly describe the way people share information, contribute to collective knowledge, collaborate and interact with all(prenominal) other. Although this explanation is not about technologies, technologies play a significant role in Web 2.0. As Shah et al. (2005) state in their essay about Web 2.0 The technologies behind Web 2.0 provide a profuseer user experience and make use of information in unique ways (Introduction, para.1). suppositional backgroundLike many researchers and organization the Association for Information and paradigm Management (AIIM) has also his own opinions about Web 2.0. They state that Many organizations see value in use Web 2.0 tools or genial parcel within their organizations for reformd collaboration and innovation, and this is then often referred to as Enterprise 2.0 (AIIM, 2008 , What is Web 2.0?, para.2). The AIIM (2008) defines Enterprise 2.0 as a system of nedeucerk-based technologies that provide rapid and agile collaboration, information sharing, emergence and integration capabilities in the protracted enterprise (What is Web 2.0?, para.1).An important link with this assume is that Web 2.0 seems to improve collaboration (AIIM, 2008). Organizations, primarily located in the US are provision to maintain and increase investments in technologies which encourages collaboration (Bughin Manyika, 2007). Unfortunately, the literature gives no reason about the Dutch interests and investments in Web 2.0.Tredinnick (2006) has the most interesting statements regarding the interests of BUIT. He claims that The key to Web 2.0 is harnessing the ways in which users use information to add value to information (either through direct or indirect user-participation) in creating the information sources that they use (p.232). This is in relation with the current custom er needs. As you could read in chapter 2, in the most abstract form, customers have the need to publish information and enable the access to multiple sources of information. Another expiration of Tredinnick (2006) suggests a benefit for the customer needs Web 2.0 technologies also allow a far greater degree of collaboration in the mental hospital of content. (p.233)Not only Tedinnick talks about Web 2.0 benefits regarding collaboration. Soriano et al. (2007) says that Enterprise 2.0 provides enterprises with new models and tools for emergent collaboration and co-creation (Introduction, para.1).Clearly, Web 2.0 has a relation to customer needs regarding WCM and collaboration. Unfortunately, we do not know which elements of Web 2.0 offer what kind of benefits. It would be interesting to know which specific Web 2.0 patterns can offer benefits in supporting the customer needs described in chapter 2.Web 2.0 design patternsOReilly described his ideas about Web 2.0 through seven design p atterns 1) the wind vane as a platform 2) harnessing collective intelligence 3) entropy is the adjacent Intel inside 4) end of the bundle release cycle 5) lightweight program models 6) software extravagantlyer up the level of a single device and, 7) rich user experience.The meshing as platformThe internet can be seen as a platform through which the users are committed and collaborating with apiece other. The platform can be seen as the core which binds the elements of Web 2.0 together. Facebook use the pattern the web as a platform. Facebook, an online tender network enables people to connect with each other and share and access information. Their mission is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected (Facebook, 2010). Facebook (2010) also provides the programmatic interfaces that make it easy, quick, and efficient to share and access information.Harnessing incarnate IntelligenceToday, the web connects 1.7 billion users with each other (I nternet World Stats, 2010). The web enables these users to add content to the web and collaborate with each other. This means users are collectively participating. They bring structure to information by tagging the information (OReilly, 2005). rock about topics in their blogs (short for Web Log) and sharing their knowledge trough online encyclopedia like Wikipedia (OReilly, 2005).Data is the next Intel insideThe web is all about finding, sharing and enriching information. virago, the online store for books and electronics gets his information about books from ISBN registry provider R.R. Bowker. Amazon and its users enrich this information by adding covers, previews, comments and reviews about the books. The ISBN registry is also available to the competitors of Amazon, but the value added by amazon and their users is hard to copy by competitors. The enriched information is whence Amazons Intel inside.End of the software release cycleNormally, software is released when totally fini shed and tested. When this is not the case, it gets labeled as Beta which indicates that the software is not totally finished and needs some testing. In the world of Web 2.0, users are the testers and provide the vendor with feedback, or even help improve the software by co-development. This beta version gets modifyd regularly but never becomes a final version. Vendors use real time monitoring to track user behavior in order to make changes in their software (OReilly, 2005).Lightweight programming modelsThis pattern could also be explained by Web Services and RSS (Really Simple Syndication). Web Services are protocols which make it easier for different systems to communicate with one another automatically in order to pass information or conduct transactions. For example, a retailer and supplier use Web Services to communicate over the internet and update each others inventory systems (Bughin Manyika, How Business are Using Web 2.0 A McKinsey Global Survey, 2007).These Web Servic es are lightweight and could be used to pull or push information between systems.RSS enables users to aggregate information from various sources. Users can gunmanscribe to web puts and blogs or other information sources. The content gets separated from its design and can be used anywhere.Software above the level of a single deviceIn the Web 1.0 paradigm, the web was only accessible via a single device. Nowadays, the web is accessible via a wide range of devices e.g. mobile phones, televisions, game consoles, MP3-playes, PDAs etc. These devices are connected to the platform which enables users to stay in touch virtually anywhere at any time.Rich user experienceLast but not the least the rich user experience pattern is about the immensity of an internet application. These applications are also called Rich Internet Application (RIA). A RIA is an internet application, viewed via the web browser where the user experiences a richer environment which is like to a desktop application.Rese arch fair gameThe objective of this research is to check the benefits of Web 2.0 regarding WCM and Collaboration activities. In other words, what is the benefit for an organization to have Web 2.0 support their Web Content Management and collaboration activities? In order to see the benefits I will need to compare the aged situation with the new Web 2.0 situation. With the old situation I refer to how the WCM and Collaboration activities are support today. The new situation refers to a situation where an organization utilize one or more Web 2.0 design patterns in order to support their activities.Measuring the difference between the two situations requires a measurement cats-paw. Having the validation in mind, this should be the said(prenominal) instrument for both the situations in order to make a valid comparison. Therefore, I will use the conceptual fabric described in chapter 5.The low gear step of this research is to find out which processes are demanding what kind of i nformation properties and with what degree (e.g. high accuracy of information). The second step is to look at new technologies referred to as Web 2.0 and check into how they support WCM and Collaboration. The focus is on the level of information properties. So, how do Web 2.0 design patterns perform regarding the demanded information properties. It could be that a design pattern causes information to be break away accessible.Managerial relevanceThis research will be relevant because ICT Consultancy companies like Getronics Consulting gain insight in the benefits Web 2.0 might offer when supporting their customers processes related to Web Content Management and Collaboration.Due to the abstract approach of this research, near-future processes which require certain information properties could be matched with Web 2.0 design patterns.academic relevanceNowadays, Web 2.0 is a hot research topic. Researchers are nerve-racking to find out how businesses are using Web 2.0 (Bughin Manyik a, How Business Are Using Web 2.0 A McKinsey Global Survey, 2007) what impact Web 2.0 has on enterprise applications (Adobe, 2007) and Web 2.0 Business A pointer to the intranets of the future? (Tredinnick, 2006). The check over done by Bughin and Manyika tells us that the corporate world has a promiscuous interest in Web 2.0 technologies. Respondents of their survey say they are using Web 2.0 technologies to communicate with customers and business partners help manage knowledge internally share and gather ideas and for automation and collaboration.(Tredinnick, 2006) explored the application of Web 2.0 technologies to business intranets, and their probable use in managing and developing business information and knowledge assets.The latter mentioned authors lack to describe information properties required by the processes of the organizations and how Web 2.0 touch on these properties. New knowledge could be created by finding out which and how Web 2.0 patterns affect the inform ation properties. Another issue from the latter mentioned papers is that they mainly surveyed the US and only some European countries like Germany, France and the U.K. Since this research will be executed inside the Netherlands based on organizational needs from Dutch companies, new knowledge could be created.Information requirementsOrganizations have all kind of processes which need to be supported. Today, many of those processes are supported with IT solutions. Davenport (1993) defines a business process as A structured, measured set of activities knowing to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market (p. 5). In short, the core of a process could be explained asFigure 1 Core principle of a process.Depending on what kind of activity needs to be supported, emphasis is placed on different requirements of information (Davis, 1982). One business process could require high accuracy of information while another process would require less accurate but timelier informati on. When these requirements or properties of information are known, a adequate solution for supporting the business process could be selected. But how do we analyze which information requirements are demanded?Conceptual frameworkWang and gruelling (1996) conducted research in order to develop a hierarchical framework for organizing info case dimensions. This framework tempers several information requirements grouped into four categories. Wang and Strong (1996) conclude that the framework could be useful as a checklist during data requirement depth psychology (p. 23). This particular statement is interesting since one objective of this research is to analyze which requirements of information are demanded by WCM and Collaboration activities.As you may have noticed, the words data and information are used interchangeably. The word data is a Latin noun, datum, meaning something that is given (Bovee et al., 2002). For information the definition that information is, or contains, inpu t or pieces of information (data) unionised to some purpose will be used (Davenport Prusak, Stonie, as cited in Bovee et al., 2002 ,p4). Therefore, data and information will be treated synonymously throughout this proposal.The perspective from which the requirements of information will be measured is an organizational perspective. other researchers (Bovee et al, 2002 and Katerattanakul Siau, 1999) used this model to measure the superior of information based on a user perspective. Within the context of this research, the organization can also be seen as the user who requires information to be e.g. accurate or timely. Again, this framework proves to be a relevant tool required by this research.The framework contains 15 requirements grouped into 4 categories. Wang and Strong (1996) stated that this framework provides a basis for deciding which aspects of data quality to use in any research bring (p. 22). Regarding this statement, I will have to determine the relevance of each inf ormation requirement.For the case studies (proposed in chapter 7) the data quality metrics accuracy, relevancy, timeliness, interpretability and accessibility will be used. The latter metrics are the most commonly used metrics according to the reviewed literature (Bovee et al., 2002 and Kahn et al., 2002 and lee side et al., 2001 and Griffiths, 2005).Figure 2 A conceptual framework of data quality (Wang Strong, 1996)Research questionsMain research questionWhat is the benefit for an organization to have Web 2.0 support their WCM and Collaboration activities?Sub questionsSome sub questions are posed in order to answer the main research question. These sub questions will gain more insight about the separate components of the main research question.Which properties of information are important regarding the processes which are currently supported by WCM and Collaboration?Which properties of information are offered by each Web 2.0 design pattern?How do the information properties offere d by Web 2.0 patterns match with the information properties demanded by WCM and Collaboration activities?Research methodologyObviously, the main research question as well as the sub-questions cannot be answered without justified sources of evidence. You can imagine that a certain starting point is needed. Therefore, the methodology for this research will be an explanatory multiple-case study within Getronics Consulting and KPN. Herriott Firestone (as cited by Yin, 2003, p.46) say that the evidence from multiple cases is often considered more compelling, and the overall study is therefore regarded as being more robust.According to Yin (2003) a case study is best used when asking questions such as how and why. Since the sub-questions one and two are not how or why questions, these questions are operationalized. The data ingathering methods will be face-to-face interviews, documentation and archival records (system data).Case verbal descriptionAs stated in the introduction, two case studies will be conducted within two different companies. First the Knowledge Sharing expertness grammatical construction project within Getronics Consulting will be studied. Secondly, the social media platform KPN1 Connect within KPN will be studied.Knowledge Sharing expertise Building (KSEB)Getronics Consulting recently initiated the KSEB project. Getronics Consulting has the need to capture and preserve knowledge gained by its employees. When an employee is working on a project and wants to know more about a particular subject, he should be able to find the expert colleague(s) with the mightily expertise for addressing this particular subject.The KSEB platform will consist of different portals Personal Communities and Knowledge Base. The personal portal will contain a public profile and a blog with posts. The communities portal will contain a community wiki and a community team site. News, a assembly and shared documents will be present on the team site. The last portal, th e knowledge base will contain a category site with documents.KPN1 ConnectThe project KPN1 Connect is initiated because of a specific need. KPN had the need to sustain communication between all employees across the entire organization. They wanted communication to happen in an organic manner rather than a horizontal/vertical manner which is based on the employees hierarchical status.Therefore, a social media platform was launched earlier this year. This platform is an extension to their original intranet and enables employees to communicate with one another via weblogs (blogs) and short (micro blog) messages. Employees have their own profile which contains name function professional expertise professional interests hobbies and product expertise. In short, they can post blogs short messages photos videos and reactions based on content posted by others. The platform also recommends other employees based on the content of the employees profile. And, last but not least, a sophisticated search function enables employee to find other employees and content posted by others.Case studies propositionsThe propositions of a case study are important in order to direct the attention into the right direction within the scope of the study (Yin, 2003). For both the case studies the same propositions are posed. The propositions areGetronics Consulting is using Knowledge Sharing Expertise Building in order to support WCM and Collaboration activities.KPN is using KPN1 Connect in order to support Collaboration activities.Getronics Consulting implemented at least one Web 2.0 design pattern into Knowledge Sharing Expertise Building.KPN implemented at least one Web 2.0 design pattern into KPN1 Connect.Web 2.0 design patterns have an effect on the properties of information.Operational questionsWith the case studies I hope to answer the sub-questions stated in chapter 6. The following table presents how the sub-questions will be operationalized in a larger set of questions, and how t hey will be answered by each method.Question q1 will be answered with three operational questions. By answering the first, evidence should point out which processes the company wants to support and why with the use of this particular system. The second question is about the analysis of the content. The analysis should indicate what kind of information is stored and processed by the system, and how this information is tagged and related with each other. The purpose of the third question is to investigate what kinds of properties of information are demanded by the organization. This is regarding the processes and the kind of content stored and processed by the system.Question q2 will be answered with two operational questions. The first question will explore what kind of Web 2.0 design patterns are implemented and with what intentions. The second question will measure how the implemented Web 2.0 design patterns score according to the properties of information.Analyzing the resultsDuri ng the case studies, the data quality will be measured twice. First according to what the organization is demanding. For example organization x has the activity of publishing content and ranks the accuracy of the information most important. Secondly the data quality is measured according to what the Web 2.0 design pattern can offer. For example design pattern rich user experience causes information to be better interpretable.By analyzing both results the last sub-question will be answered(q3) How do the information properties offered by Web 2.0 patterns match with the information properties demanded by WCM and Collaboration activities?ReferencesAdobe. (2007). The Impact of Web 2.0 on Enterprise Applications A strategy to improve business performance through software that industrial plant the way people work. CIO Custom Solution Group.AIIM. (2008). AIIM What is Web 2.0? Retrieved April 13, 2010, from AIIM http//www.aiim.org/What-is-Web-2.0.aspxAIIM. (2008, Januari). What is ECM? R etrieved April 2010, from AIIM http//www.aiim.org/What-is-ECM-Enterprise-Content-Management.aspxBaarde, B., Goede, M. d. (1995). Methoden en Technieken (2nd ed.). Houten Educatieve Partners Nederland BV.Bouman, E. (2008). SmarTEST slim testen van informatiesystemen. Den Haag Sdu Uitgevers bv.Bovee, M., Srivasta

Strategic Objectives Of Grameenphone Telecom Ltd Marketing Essay

St treadgic Objectives Of Grameenph ane Telecom Ltd Marketing EssayThis study is meant to pore primarily on strategic objectives of GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD, BANGLADESH and also endeavours to pass judgment the attribute and amounts of this chosen guild. GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD is one of the leading telecommunicationmunication companies in Bangladesh which occupies the top localisation among its competitors through providing impe last-placerable web reporting every(prenominal) over the clownish. The main goal of this report is to treat a character audit and identify the reference gaps and to take effective measures to fill those tonicity gaps of GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD.background of companyGrameenPhone is now one of the leading telecommunication service providers in Bangladesh with to a greater extent than 23 one thousand million subscribers as ofcelestial latitude 2009. In November 28, 1996 GrameenPhone was offered a cellular license in Bangladesh by the Minis adjud icate of Posts and Telecommunications with a view to covering the whole countrified with a good timberland vane. And with a great surprise after almost 10 eld of its operation, GrameenPhone has over 10 million subscribers. Presently, there argon about 50 million telephone users in the country, of which, a little over one million are frozen-phone users and the rest mobile phone subscribers.Starting its trading operations on attest 26, 1997, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, GrameenPhone has come a familyn way. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), the largest telecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12 opposite countries, and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2% ), a non-profit sister concern of the worldwidely acclaimed micro-credit innovate Grameen Bank. The another(prenominal) 10% shares belong to 10%to general retail and institutional investors. Over the years, GrameenPhone has always been a pioneer in introduci ng bare-ass merchandises and serve in the local anesthetic market. GP was the early company to introduce GSM applied science in Bangladesh when it launched its service in March 1997.The technological know-how and managerial expertise of Telenor has been instrumental in setting up such an international standard mobile phone operation in Bangladesh. Being one of the pioneers in ontogenesis the GSM service in Europe, Telenor has also patroned to transfer this knowledge to the local employees over the years.Evaluating GrameenPhones strategic objectivesGrameenphoness basic strategy is coverage of both urban and rural champaigns. In contrast to the island strategy followed by companies, which involves interrelateing isolated islands of urban coverage through transmission links, Grameenphone builds continuous coverage, cell after cell. give the sackarm the intensity of coverage may vary from area to area depending on market conditions, the basic strategy of cell-to-cell coverage is applied throughout Grameenphones electronic network. parvenu manufacturing technologies are developing rapidly, resulting in sore products/services, innovations and improvements in the manufacturing process, thus, requiring a proactive approach by organizations. To be proactive, organizations require groundbreaking methods of performance measurement, to appraise their progress towards achieving organizational mission, vision and strategic objectives. (God go out Tapisi Mukonje, Performance measurement, pp. 72. MAM/, 2009.)2.1 Maintaining quality networkOver the years, the network division of Grameenphone has been ensuring the best-in-class GSM cellular mobile network for the nodes in Bangladesh. Ensuring customer satisf follow out through enhanced coverage, expanded capacity and ameliorate quality and performance of the network continued to be the primary focus of the networks division. The GP network now covers over 98 percent of the community and over 87 percent of the land area with the remaining areas mostly falling under the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tract areas where mobile phone coverage is not allowed. The company invested more than BDT 35.8 billion in 2007 primarily to save expand the coverage and increase the capacity of its network.Radio Access Rollout foot Stations2.2 Corporate strategyGrameenphone believes maturement is a journey, not a destination, work is not only if about ensuring connectivity it is about connecting with state and grammatical construction relationships, rest homed on trust, with our subscribers, business partners, employees, shareholders, as comfortably as the wider community. The company also believes that good teaching is a good business. While GP maintains business focus, taking the nation forward remains top priority. therefore relationship with Bangladesh is built on a partnership which strives to achieve normal economic and fond goals.Corporate social responsibility, as the company sees, i t is a complementary combination of ethical and responsible corporate behavior, as well as a commitment towards generating greater good for the society by addressing the development needs of the country.The core strategy of GP in this area is to be Bangladeshs partner in developing the country, particularly in its promise, as a United Nations Millennium Declaration signatory, to meet the eight targets cognise as the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. GP has merged its social investment initiatives in four core areas related to the Millennium Development GoalsPoverty alleviationGP takes disdain in developing the countrys fundament, in the urban areas. The company is of the view that eradication of poverty sack up be uprooted if illiteracy is removed from the country. GP regards Grameen Bank as a compatriot of its development work.HealthcareIn healthcare sector GP has set a glowing example for others to follow providing immense healthcare installment counterbalance in the rem ote areas with the help of Tele Prescription and mobile clinic service to the people coastal areas.EmpowermentGP has created more than 150,000 jobs in its premises and another(prenominal) 100,000 are related with GP as vendors, card retailers, selling officers and so on.EducationGP does come forward with initiatives to encourage the learners by retentivity various educational competitions such as drawing, essay writing, story objet dart and so on. It also launchs scholarships to the meritorious students.2.3 sight and Mission Statement of GrameenPhoneVisionVision is what an organization wants to do. The vision of Grameenphone Ltd is we are here to help. The company exists to help the customers get the full clear of communications services in their periodical lives. We want to make it easy for customers to get what they want, when they want it. To be a leading provider of telecommunication services all over Bangladesh with quelled customers, shareholder, and enthusiastic empl oyeesMissionMission is end results of an organization where it wants to reach. Grameenphones mission is to mold digital revolution in Bangladesh by covering the whole country with network and to build up strong communication network stock-still in the further remotest corner of the country.The quality auditThe word grapheme is comparative and it varies person to person. prime(a) is defined by a customer according to his demand. If some(a)one is looking for some specifications in a subscribeed items and the items conform to his expectation then the customer will be merry to say the items maintain quality or good quality if he is very pleased.Quality dimensionsValueGrameenphones manifesto is to add value to customers working use making things simple and easy to understand. The company never forgets to try its customers lives easier. GP is focuses on creativity. So it brings energy and imagination to the work and wants to be partner in development and is passionate about its business, customers and country. The company understands what it should do and how to put things right. Over all GP acknowledges and respects local socialization and comes forward with an open, helpful and friendly attitude.Fitness for useGrameenphone offers an increasing moment of services for the customer varying from teenage group to aged people featuring according to their needs and very friendly staffs for the people of all classes. It takes pride because of the companys largest and smoothest network services to anywhere in the country and out of the country. So there should not be any mark of question for its seaworthiness in comparison any other actual telecom companies in the region.Conformance to specificationThe company promises to provide the best services level(p) in the remote corner of the country. Its slogan is to stay close how cold the distance could be. GP works like a link to connect and facilitates to broaden the scope of communication. And the services GP provides conforms to the charges that customers pay for.Meeting or exceeding customers expectationGP is determined to meet the expectation of the customers and at times its lucrative offers exceedingly please the users. GP feels that to make the country more advanced there is no alternative to using internet. For this utilization GP has initiated some specialised Internet SIMs in market which modify the users to be machine- narkible through wireless network.Conformance to requirementsGP services always conform to the requirements of the customers. Besides network services it comes forward with many an(prenominal) initiatives to better the condition of society and it voluntarily serves the coastal inhabitants with free preventive warning for coming dangers. GPs promise is to keep the whole country connected with very strong network web so that decentralisation foot be done easily.Quality auditConducting Quality AuditTo conduct a quality audit certain methodologies confirm been adapted. In the first power data has been collected from different sources such as analyze 50 customers in terms of satisfaction on some factors and their answers wipe out been analysed through minute observations. The results of the survey are given below concomitant 1 Vertical axis shows 60 customersThe survey was conducted among 60 users from city, suburban areas and urban areas. The above chart shows that out of 60 GP users 35 from city, 46 from suburban areas and 56 from urban areas having problem with remember exhausts during calling. 2 from city, 5 from suburban areas and 6 from urban areas are complaining of overcharging kinda of collect call rate. And complicated tariff has created problemS among 12 in city, 17 in suburban areas and 28 in urban areas. 22 users from city, 27 from suburban areas and 38 from urban areas are dissatisfied with GPs poor network. moreover there is slight accusation for no network survey which says only when o in city, 1 in suburban areas and 2 from urban areas. joyful, VERY HAPPY AND NOT HAPPY survey has also been conducted among k users. The report is depicted belowHAPPY20%VERY HAPPY75%NOT HAPPY15%Fishbone DiagramPeopleMaterialschargeMarketingHiring finalwork Tower standards FranchiseTraining Transports VendorDevices SponsorshipQuality Improvement MaintenanceInstallationIntroducing Design workloads freedom to workSpecifications force securedMeasurementsEnvironmentEquipmentThis fishbone diagram conspicuously illustrates the areas where to focus on to improve quality of this company. All the sectors need to be treated with equal importance. And in some case drastic measures have to take to further its improvement.An converse with the GP staffs has been very successful. The interview is carried through certain questions whether the staffs are happy or not happy giving answers YES/NOAfter completing the interview process it was analyzed and reviewed in 5 points covering the whole base to identify the quality gap s. These gaps need to be filled up to plug the standard quality of service/ product of GP Ltd. The outcomes of the staff interview have shown in the table given belowSlIdentified IssuesYesNo1Good Wages and remunerations85152 insufficiency more autocracy87133Poor focal point21794Poor internal communication facility27835Environment in the work place needs improvement6535The above table 1 to 5 is considered as to be the intensity of quality gaps in Grameenphone Ltd. The issues have to be taken seriously to improve the internal service quality of the company. The answer YES is showing things are ok and NO identifies immediate action plan to fill these gaps.Environmental (internal) analysis Swot analysis of GrameenPhone Ltd say-soReportingIn comparison with other active network companies in Bangladesh it can be agreed upon that GrameenPhone Bangladesh is in a good strength to compete it business rivals if the company steadily maintain the strategy it has. but in near future BanglaLi nk Telecommunication may be unuttered competitor as the company is growing fast and trying to bridge the gaps that the GP has. So GP is supposed to lose its position in spite of appearance 5 years time. GPs business growth has reached a place from where rate of growth can be achieved between 15% 20% with 22 million customers. On the other hand BanglaLink telecom ltd goes on with 25%-30% having 15 million users.The result of quality audit/quality gaps pecuniary auditBalance sheet of year 2007 and 2006 in 000 BDTAssets20072006Non-current assetsProperty, plant and equipment, netIntangible assetsOther non-current assetsCurrent assetsTotal assets80,318,1901,275,73316,06481,609,9876,815,05488,461,04155,413,498888,40712,56056,314,46510,442,19366,756,658Equity and liabilities copeholders equityShare capitalReservesRetained earnings2,430,3502,169,80321,510,95426,111,1072,430,3502,169,80319,909,32424,509,477Non-current liabilitiesLoans and borrowings, net of current divisionFinance lease obligations, net of current portionDeferred tax obligationOther non-current liabilitiesCurrent liabilitiesTotal equity and liabilities3,367,6205,315,55916,510,153711,94625,905,27834,444,65688,461,0412,448,4524,229,27711,097,313904,56718,669,60923,567,57266,756,658Key financial ratiosNet profit of turnover 6% 16%Return on append assets (ROTA) 18% 27%Earning per share (EPS) 54.14 132.41Dividend per share (DPS) 26.66 25.80Dividend payout ratio 49% 19%Slow progress in network setupGrameenPhone has been quite innovative but it do slow progress. 189 additional connections were made during this year, making a total of 221 village phones by the end of 1998. The deployment of Village Phones has also been get down than expected, mainly due to the poor coverage in rural areas. This was due to a reduction in projected investments. 1998 has, however, been a valuable year for testing out the Village Phone concept. The experiences gained during the year show in almost all respects that the Vi llage Phone concept is a feasible business proposition. Several studies have been undertaken, and the general conclusion is that it is a viable and profitable business for the village phone operators, who on come earned a net daily profit of US$2, more than double the per capita income in Bangladesh. (GrameenPhone websites)Operational performance interconnection problem persistsThe drop call, overcharging, complicated tariff, poor network and no network in accompaniment 1 are found in a survey that shows problems are still persistent in the services.Financial results for the year 1998The Company has made a negative net result of BDT 641.511 million (US$13.092 million) during the year 1998 compared to BDT 354.239 million (US$ 7.229 million) for the nine months ended December 1997. The main reasons behind this unsatisfactory financial performance are due to the non achievement of the projected gross revenue passel due to the stoppage of sales with PSTN connections after July 1998. Another reason was the competitive market. On the other hand, due to heavy congestion in the network and limited PSTN convey, GrameenPhone had to offer a number of concessions on all of the be packages. All of the above reasons plus lost revenue in calls and airtime resulted in a loss. The variable costs were also unfavourable because BTTB did not accept the basic principle of Senders keep all in sharing the revenues. The fixed or periodic costs were more or lessin field with the budget and were on the lower side. The interest costs, on the other hand,were higher compared to institutional financing.The cash flow situation became acute when GrameenPhone was uneffective to draw from theIFC/CDC/ADB credit line. Even the NORAD loan was at stake just before draw downand was solved by a see to it from Telenor AS. However, we were not able to drawdown Norwegian Kroner (NOK) 15.0 million in 1998 due to amendments required in theoperating license. (GrameenPhone website)Recommendations Conducting quality audit on GrameenPhone Telecom, these following recommendations have been made to remain market leader in the days to come.Existing market and its products frequently compels an organization to develop unseasoned products and in doing so the company can hold it current position and make forward steps to remain dominant in the market.GrameenPhone is suggested to unite its position by protecting the market share it has and maintaining the quality of brisk products sold within existing market sectors and can derive benefit in doing so. GP also can lower its tariff deletion the cost on advertisements which may create more customers. Thus, GP has to consolidate to protect and strengthen its present position.Market penetration is a bouncy tool to exploit the market and include more consumers for long. It can be achieved by penetrating the new market with new products. In unchanging market opportunities are more for the underage competitors like City Cell, Aktel, T ele parley to succeed with small but effective packages. Consequently GP will lose large market share.Withdrawal of some products that are make adverse effect on business will be a wise decision. GP needs to hold, harvest or build existing services withdrawing some complicated tariff. Making franchise for certain products or selling some of the shares to the locals can also be good strategy.Extending the existing product range to develop a completely new product range is a good strategy to adapt. As a developing country Bangladesh has got huge demand for internet. People are more cognisant of new technologies now and are willing to be connected with moderne communication technology. So GP can initiate Wireless broadband for the first time which is expected to stir the whole market.Expanding into new geographic market is a classic form of market development which can be quite handy for GP. To face the challenges of globalization and to operate in market across the world GrameenP hone can make a mountainous stride towards progress and expansion.GP can also diversify its marketing policy and products ranging different services and products such as iPhones with free minutes and unlimited internet which is going to change customers taste into different one.GrameenPhone added 11,000 new subscriptions in 1998. This was less than its target. By the year-end, the total number of subscribers was close to 31,000, far ahead of the three other mobile operators. The problem of not having enough interconnection capacity to the PSTN led to congestion on the call pathway between the GrameenPhone and PSTN networks. Existingsubscribers complained, which reduced sales to a minimum. In July, sales of new ubscriptions with get to to the PSTN were stopped altogether. At the same time, GrameenPhone started selling subscriptions without access to the PSTN, but with accessto all other mobile operators. Sales of these new subscriptions, however, made very slow progress. With so me new interconnection channels to the PSTN in Dhaka, and opening ofthe network in Chittagong with PSTN access, sales started to pick up again.Much effort went into planning new marketing initiatives. The focus was shifted from big corporations to small and medium sized enterprises. More sales points were launch, and a new dispersion strategy was underway. These activities led to positive results, and by November, the sales started to pick up quickly. Towards the end of the year, the sales of mobile-to-mobile subscriptions, now attendd GP-GP, showed quite positive results.Implementation on that point was no scope for short-term solutions. Down time on base stations was very low and created almost no traffic disturbances. On-call duties were established for all critical areas and a demanding system for round the clock rift handling and repairs was introduced.ConclusionGP is proud of Good owner structure, accessibility of backbone network( optical fiber), financial soundness, pre sent market leader, brand name/ GrameenPhone image, skilled human resource, largest geographical coverage, eligible human resource and infrastructure installation all over the country through Bangladesh railway and grameen bank, access to the widest rural distribution network through grameen bank, high ethical standard.An alibi not to solve problems because of mixture of different cultures, different departments not working together, poor interconnection with BTTB, not good enough public relation, sometimes a tendency to be arrogant, complicated high pricing structure, thrill system cant handle sophisticated billing, net work problem, line disconnections without any information, no long term distribution/channel strategy.stinting growth of Bangladesh, new and better interconnection agreement, huge need for telecom services, increased intentional activities in Bangladesh, declining prices for the handsets and SIM cards, future privatisation of the fixed network, new international g ateway, demand for the inter-city communication, growth in other operator will give more connection.More rigid government regulation, more influence of competitors on the fixed net work, change of government might lead to competitors, devaluation of currency, vitiate of installation, political instability, non-co-operation of government and fixed PSTN (public service telephone network), risk of fire in the GPs installations, price war, non availability of funds, BTTB has limited capacity for interconnection, high call charge.The results of the year have been given in terms of sales and income. However, the network operations have been expanded, although investments had to be reduced due to a leave out of funds. The financial situation has been very tight. In spite of these difficulties, GrameenPhones number of subscribers has stepwise grown to exceed 35,000, and its market position, as the leader of the cellular operators, has been consolidated. It is with renew optimism that th e company faces the next year. After the end of 1998, the license agreement was suitably amended and the license was issued in the name of GrameenPhone Ltd. The company now has the excerpt of pledging its assets to secure loan finances. The report satisfied that by the end of March 1999, the company achieved the targeted number of 35,000 subscriptions. These two events remove the main barriers for securing the much needed institutional financing within May 1999. Other good intelligence agency is the recommitment by NORAD to provide NOK 15.0 million for the 1999 budget of GrameenPhone.

Lagrange Multipliers in Mathematics

Lagrange Multipliers in MathematicsLagrange multipliers arise as a mode for maximising (or minimising) a become that is subject to one or more constraints. It was invented by Lagrange as a method of solving jobs, in particular a problem about the moons app atomic number 18nt motion congenator to the earth. He wrote his trim in a paper c bothed Mechanique analitique (1788) (Bussotti, 2003)This addendum allow for only sketch the technique and is based upon information in an appendix of (Barnett, 2009).Suppose that we fox a billet which is constrained by . This problem could be solved by rearranging the function for x (or possibly y), and subbing this into . At which point we could then treat as a formula maximisation or minimisation problem to predominate the maxima and minima.One of the advantages of this method is that if there are several constraint functions we set up deal with them all in the same manner rather than having to do lots or rearrangements.Considering on ly f as a function of two variables (and ignoring the constraints) we populate that the points where the derivative vanish areNow g posterior similarly be minimised and this will allow us to express the equation supra in price of the dxsSince these are linear functions we can add them to flummox another solution, and traditionally is employ to aspireWhich is 0 only when bothWe can generalise this easily to any number of variables and constraints as followsWe can then solve the various equations for the s. The process boils down to influenceing the extrema of this function As an example imagine that we have a fair 8 sided die. If the die were fair we would expect an average roll of . Let us imagine that in a large number of trials we keep acquire an average of 6, we would start to suspect that the die was not fair. We can instantaneously estimate the relative probabilities of each outcome from the entropy since we knowWe can use Lagranges method to solve this equation s ubject to the constraints that the total luck sums to one and the expected mean(a) (in this case) is 6. The method tells us to minimise the functionWhere the first part is the entropy and the other two parts are our constraints on the probability and the mean of the rolls. Differentiating this and setting it equal to 0 we getNow if we do an integration we know that this set must be a constant function of since the derivative is 0, also since each of the terms in the summation is 0 we must also have a solution of the formOrWe know that the probabilities sum to 1 big(a)Which can be put into (A2.1) to getWhich doesnt look too untold better (perhaps even worse). We still have one net constraint to use which is the mean valueWe can use (A2.2) and re-arrange this to findWhich also doesnt seem to be an improvement until we realise this is just a polynomial in If a root, exists we can then use it to find . I did not do it that way by hand, I used maple to find the solution to the pol ynomial. (the script is below) I also calculated the probabilities for a fair cut as a similarity and test.fair dice mu = 4.5unfair dice mu = 6p10.125p10.32364p20.125p20.04436p30.125p30.06079p40.125p40.08332p50.125p50.11419p60.125p60.15650p70.125p70.21450p80.125p80.29398lambda = 0lambda = -0.31521Table A2. 1 comparison of probabilities for a fair and biased 8sided dice. The bias dice has a mean of 6. Equation also appears in the thermodynamics section.Because can be used to come the probabilities of the seminal fluid symbols I telephone that it would be possible to use this value to characterise the alphabet i.e. take a message from an unknown source and classify the language by finding the closest matching from a list (assuming that the alphabets are the same size). I havent done that but think that the same approach as the dice example above would work (the mean would be calculated from the message and we would need more sides).When we have a totally random source, a nd in this case the probability of each character is the same. This is easily seen from (A2.2) as all the exponentials contribute a 1 and we are left with Where m is the size of the alphabet all the symbols are equally probable in this case.

Poverty and Crime Correllation

want and illegal offence CorrellationAmerica is experiencing want at an change magnitude step in terms of the number of children in beggary and the zeal of indigence. there be approximately 15.3 million U.S. Children brio in houses outlined as f whollying be imprint the meagreness line (Dun potbelly, 1998), and they argon more and more turn in impoverished and underclass realm (Greenwood, 1995). One-third of all children make privation in at least(prenominal) star yr of their sustenance and altogether mavin in twenty experiences ten or more age of destitution. penury has become a major interrelate in the United States because of the cause it has on the youth in our society. some(prenominal) young children ar faced with neglect of food, inadequate brisk conditions, and lack of p atomic number 18ntal guidance. Strains are betokend on children liveliness in need as young as the age of seven. Children animateness in mendi thr adeptcy principally unaffectionate from mainstream society, dont oblige access to alliance organizations, piteous domesticates, low self-importance-esteem, depression, styleal problems in school, and engage in delinquent activities.Delinquency among the short has been studied over the geezerhood to see if there is a human birth amidst evil and destitution. Theories pack suggested the link surrounded by delinquency and exiguity is due to unemployment, family disruption, lack of t from each adepting method, marital disruption, distaff- headed signs, teenage pregnancy, isolation of s piece of asst(p)er neighborhoods, lack of fibre models in the communities, less supervised youth programs, and no put to workal community networks to deter potential sorry (Anderson, 1993 Hannerz, 1968 Liebow, 1967, Rainwater 1970, Sullivan, 1993, Sutles, 1968).The link between leanness and annoyance is diverse (Jargowsky and Bane, 1991). The reasons why sight who are living in pauperism commit cr iminal acts vary from detestation world the still opportunity to achieve a blueer level of socioeconomic side to enhance financial ability. hoi polloi of all class commit offence for diametrical reasons, but it has been proven over the years by disaccordent inquiryers that people living in want commit more abhorrence than any opposite class. This literature leave focus on what is cognize about the exiguity and delinquency, the possible actions in this field, method utilize in this field, and reliable use up in this field.Literature ReviewHow Poverty is defined and thrifty?How beggary is defined and rates has attributed to different results in the study of pauperisation and law-breaking. Poverty has been defined in some(prenominal) different ways. One definition of poverty is a situation in which a persons income is below 60% of the medial income of a country. According to the Census Bureau, poverty is defined an inability to contribute a family with nutr itious food, fit out, and reasonable shelter.The prescribed poverty measurement was adoptive in the last 1960s and it consisted of a set of limens for families of different sizes and man that are compared to a resource measure to determine a family poverty status. The sceptres represent the cost of a minimum diet multiplied by three to allow for expenditures on other goods and work. This measurement of poverty had several(prenominal) weaknesses according to the National Research Council and the Panel on Poverty and Family. The official measurement did non take into consideration the expenses it takes to hold a job, and it does not reflect the tack togethers of key government policies that alter the disposable income useable to families (Citro and Michael, 1995).Alternatives approaches to measure to poverty thresholds were viewed by in 1995 by the Panel on Poverty and Family in regards to experimental poverty measures. For experimental purposes, poverty was measurable by a dollar amount for food, clothing, shelter, and utilities, as well as a small amount for needs such(prenominal) as window pane expenses, expenses to maintain a household, and personal care. The panel developed a threshold designed for a family of four- a mother, a father, and two children. According to the panel, thresholds female genitalia be adjusted for the needs of families of different sizes and composition and geographic locations.capital of Minnesota Jargowsky, one of the most well kn suffer researchers on poverty and crime, adopted exclusively a small fraction of the official measure of poverty recommendations of the Panel of Poverty and Family. Du plurality his methodology for his legion(predicate) studies, he measured poverty by calculating a simple poverty score by determining the proportion of amply poverty nose count course of actions within a city during his several different studies. He regardd that the cut off threshold was 40% of poor residents, and other re searchers such as (Wilson, 1996) utilise 30% threshold to represent poverty.Data from the Census Bureau has also been employ to measure poverty as well. The percentage in poverty is cipher as the percentage of the total nation in the census that dusk below the Social Security Administrations poverty line. Poverty definitions and measurement differ from researcher to researcher therefore, results in research leave alone vary depending on what definition and measure of poverty is adopted (Jargowsky and Bane, 1991 Rickets and Sawhill, 1988 Wilson, 1996).Why People living in Poverty Commit CrimePeople living in poverty commit crimes for several different reasons. Survival in the poverty stricken neighborhoods is one of the main reasons for criminal behavior. Often times, umteen people hire to commit crimes such as robbery or burglary as a mean to clear financial gain in prescribe to feed themselves and their children or to be able to maintain their household expenses. People a lso commit crime because it is the norm to take the police into their own hands (Cooney, 1997). High poverty areas do not create the access to the local law enforcement as other areas normally agree. fairness enforcement is often viewed as not being helpful therefore, we see many punitive crimes affiliated in these areas. Retaliatory violence in receipt to disrespect becomes a way to achieve status in the absence of other opportunities. People living in such neighborhoods look at that they have to take the law into their own hands because the local authorities have failed to protect them Kurban and Weitzer (2003). The response time to such neighborhoods is much slower compared to neighborhoods in the suburbs, and everyone is viewed as a criminal when they may actually be a victim. Crime in poorer communities is a just a form of self help (Anderson, 1993). legion(predicate) people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of so cioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option (Wilson, 1987). Money that is made by committing crimes such as illegally selling crack cocaine, or other causa of drug, or money that was obtain illegally is used to established some eventwrite of legal business establishment. Once the legal business is established, there is no interminable a need to commit crime and this places the individual into another class. Crime is also committed to have fun or have something to do to occupy an individuals time (Agnew, 1992). Grand Theft Auto is one of those crimes that are committed to just have fun. Many people, especially, adolescents, commit this wickedness to joyride around the city.Many youth begin a manners of crime because of their parents ineffective parental practices. Being poor and having children to provide for bunghole lead to emotional distress. Parents are inconsistence with their children, forceful, and extremely harsh and the bond between parent and child is weake n (Sampson and Laub, 1994). When that bond weakens, children are more at risk for deviant behavior. Parents are also not involved with their childrens education as other parents in mainstream society. It has been proven that poor performance in school is associated with the onset of delinquency (Maguin and Loeber, 1996). School is often viewed as a place to go to fight and steal from classmates rather than a learn institution. Obtaining an education is not stressed by some parents to their children therefore their children neer make the importance of education. School is looked at as a place for fighting, bullying, stealing, and just a place to hang out. Poor children are not successful in school. They have been found to be deficient in reading and mathematical skills (Beebe, 1993). Rewards from the school environment are limited by the lack of school success, therefore, the risk for delinquency is increase and a life is crime behavior is developed (Mofitt, 1981).Growing up in an uninvolved poverty community, children are told they can not achieve high academics because of their living conditions. Many children are forced to withdraw from school because of attendance. Missing school on a daily basis is a norm in high poverty areas because children lack decent or proper clothing for different types of weather, the lack transportation. They may faced interrupted utility services and over crowdedness in the home they may hinder their ability to attend school and learn (Swain, 2006)Poverty and Delinquency (Isolation). Poverty can be classified into three types which are long-lived poverty, underclass poverty, and ghetto poverty (Wilson, 1996). Many studies have link poverty to geographic isolation and street crime as crime and violence (Anderson, 1999). High poverty areas are generally clustered together and are isolate from mainstream society. Jargowsky (1996) suggested that the loss of jobs in the poor neighborhoods, and the creation of managerial and pro fessional jobs in the suburbs lead to economic separationism. separate neighborhoods are deprived of the basic needs that it needs to prevent problems such as violence and crime. Excellent schools, churches and reinforcements of morals and values that mainstream society lives are absent from the neighborhoods that are segregated (Jargowsky 1996).Segregation from mainstream society has limited people in high poverty areas to have contact with people in mainstream society. Due to the limited contact, poor people are not presumptuousness the opportunity to see values and norms that the remaining of society bases their lives. People living in mainstream society base their life around obtaining the American Dream. They believe in college education, marriage, family, career, and home ownership. In poorer communities, these values and beliefs are irrelevant and replaced with norms that are appropriate for their environment (Wilson, 1987). As suggested, the norms for most poor people ar e some form of criminal behavior.Poor people tend to only associated themselves with others that are poor. This is mainly because they feel intimated by soulfulness who has higher socioeconomic status, or someone who has a higher education level than themselves. They are most comfortable with someone who is receiving welfare or some form of assistance from the government. Seeing only criminal behavior and not being able to see mainstream societys behavior severely handicaps poor people. Behavior is erudite and if an individual is set-apart and only see crime being committed within their communities, they will be more likely to commit crime. For the high poverty stricken areas, criminal behavior is spread throughout the community and thus creates a powerful predictor for delinquency (McDonough, 1992).Some members of the discriminate would like to move to a more their families to a more besotted neighborhood to decrease the chances of their young children engaging in delinquency (Ludwig, 1998). Children will have more opportunities, better education, better job networks, and will be able to achieve the American Dream. Moving from a poor isolated community to a more affluent community can be difficult for some of the residents. Due to the isolation, they are often afraid and believe they are not intelligent enough, and fear they will be jilted by society because of their background.Poverty and Delinquency (Time and Persistence)People who are set as poor do not have the same experience of poverty. The difference in the experience of poverty is based on its tenaciousness and its timing (Franworth, 1994). Poverty betimes in a childs life and the longer a child lives in poverty are strong indicators of delinquency (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997). Many children are born into poverty and remain in poverty throughout their entire childhood. This type of poverty is known as brutal poverty. African Americans experience poverty longer than other ethnicity groups, and the elevated rate of delinquency among African Americans is contributed to lower socioeconomic status and urbanization (Hawkins, Laub, and Lauritsen, 1998). youthful studies confirm that exits from poverty are higher for household headed by snowy males and much lower for those headed by black females (Steven, 1994).A child living in persistent poverty faces a wide range of behavior problems that leads to delinquency. Some of these problems are school cogitate issues such as fighting, humiliation, and anger. Duncan (1994) investigated the extend to of persistent poverty on children who were five years old. The study indicated that the effects of short-term poverty are not as large as the effects on persistent poverty (Duncan et, al., 1994 307). Delinquency is most plethoric in persistent poverty than short-term poverty.Poverty early in a childs life can be detrimental because it is then when shape of a child is most big. If poverty is experienced later in a childs life, it can affect school attendance and possible it can be a factor in whether a child graduates from high school or not (Duncan, 1998). School is not a precedency for an adolescent living in poverty but rather, living conditions, survival, contradict influences within the community, and any emotional issues that may arise within a child living in poverty.Previous Researchers Studies and MethodsTo determine the link between poverty and crime, determines what type of method is used. Ethnographic research is best used to essay the kinship between poverty and delinquency (Anderson, 1990 Jankowski, 1991 Sullivan, 1989 Williams and Kornblum, 1985). This type of study link other factors such as persistent unemployment, marital disruption, and female-headed household and teenage pregnancy to poverty and delinquency (Anderson, 1993). Ethnographic is best for capturing persistent poverty which is living in poverty for a period of eighter from Decatur years or longer (Duncan and Rogers, 1991). Although the best method, it would take at least a ten year longitudinal study which most researchers dont have the time to dedicate to such study. Individual analysis is the most convincing type of research, but provides the least support between poverty and crime (Jankowski, 1995, Tittle and Meier, 1990). Empirical research has also suggested that persistent poverty leads to crime (Currie, 1985 Hagen and Peterson, 1995 Jencks, 1992 Krivo and Peterson, 1996 Sampson and Wilson, 1995).Researchers such as Coulton, Chow, Wang and Su (1996), Massey and Denton (1998), and Lee (2000) used at least one of the three measures while looking at poverty segregation in 100 metropolitan areas. The first measure used was the proportion of poor families living in the extreme poverty census track. The second measure was proportion of poor families living that would need to move to a different census track to achieve an equal distribution of poverty throughout the metropolitan area, and the last mea sure was the probability that poor families would encounter other poor families within their census track. These three measures are distant, but are empirically related (Coultron et al. (1996). To show the poverty by census track, Pittsburg (PA) and Cincinnati (OH) cities with ascend the same in population (334,563 verses 330,662) was used. Cincinnati had 31.2 % of its poor residents living in the census track in which 40% of the tract residents are poor in contrast to 22.5% in Pittsburg. It was suggested that poor residents living in Cincinnatis poverty ring are more geographically and socially isolated from non-poverty tracks that are resident s of Pittsburghs high poverty track.In 2000, 236 cities with a minimum population of 100,000 were used in a research that focused on the family between poverty clustering and crimes in the cities. For the purpose of the research, the Uniform Crime Reports and the Census of existence and Housing were the two data sources used. The Census o f Population and Housing calculated the percent of residents on poverty in each census tract. This study used two tracks for the research one track for 30% poor census track and one for contiguous 40% poor census tracks. The study took the median age of city residents because the crime rates are most likely be committed by younger residents (Baller, Messner, Deane, and Howkins, 2001 Cohenand Land, 1987). Other factors that were measured in this study were unemployment, African Americans, and female headed households. This study think that social isolation rather than deprivation contributed to the relationship of segregation and crime.Longitudinal data spanning over 14 years was used to measure the level of exposure to poverty and its timing and used to examine the relationship between poverty and delinquency. The sample population range in ages from 10 -15 years old and a face to face hearing were conducted from 1979-1992. This study had an over representation of Hispanic and Afr ican- Americans discriminate youths. The sampling in this study has several limitations. First limitation was the self-reporting of delinquency for the youth, and no one older than the age of 15 could participant in the study. This sample is not a national representation of all children living in poverty between the ages of 10-15. Exposure to poverty was measure by the number of years the youths family lived in poverty. The family income was measure by each year the family was below the poverty level, thus was the divided by the youths age to determine the percent the youth spent in poverty in his/her lifetime. The study also examined the intrusion of poverty at different stages in life (Brooks-Gunn, 1997). Stages in a youth life were measured form birth to 5 years old, from 6 to 10 years old, and from 11 and older. The results of this study indicated that the extent that the level of exposure to poverty is important in the likelihood of delinquency. It also revealed that poverty had more effect on a child in the early years of development (Jarjoura and Triplett, 2002)Kurbin and Weitzer (2003) studied retaliatory homicides in St. Louis. They found that retaliatory homicides were more prevalent in disadvantage isolated communities. They took narratives from individuals who were involved in homicides and they confessed retaliation was associated with a mistrust of the police. Kurbin and Weizer (2003) think that disadvantage isolated communities become from policing vacuum and promotes cultural values to settle disputes among themselves. Kurbin and Weizer were not the only researchers that concluded that crime is way to settle disputes. Anderson (1999) and Wilson (1897) argued that poor people who are isolated developed a set of alternative norms in order to outlast on the streets. Cooney (1997) also argued that poor people engage in more criminal behavior because the limited access to the law.To truly stop the relationship between poverty and crime, ethnog raphic research is the most productive type of study. A field researcher will have the opportunity to capture the lives of people living in poverty for an extended period of time. This type of research will provide the answers to why people living in poverty become delinquent and a researcher will understand the struggles and hardships poor people face. A researcher conducting ethnographic research will be able to let off in his findings the state of mind of someone living in poverty and clearly explain why criminal activity has become a way of life.Many different researchers have conducted research using different methods, but most of the researchers have concluded that there is a direct link between poverty and crime. It can be concluded from the various studies that people living in poverty commit greater amounts of crime than others not living in poverty. It can be concluded that the limited access to police is one of the reasons greater amounts of crime occur in poor communiti es. It can also be concluded that isolation plays a major role in criminal behavior among poor people.Previous study mainly focused on segregation and isolation. Current study has focused on spells and timing of poverty as it related to criminal behavior.Gaps in the Knowledge on Poverty and DelinquencyOne major gap is that there has not been a study to explore the interaction between overall poverty and concentrated poverty, even though there is some indication that poverty may indeed interact with its spatial concentration in predicting crime. An example of this is the research that was conducted by Sampson and his colleagues on neighborhood effects. Their findings were that social behavior is influenced not only by what happens in ones immediate neighborhood, but also by what happens in surround areas (Sampson, Raudenbush, 2001). The negative consequences of living in a poor neighborhood and living in non-poor neighborhood can spill over to surrounding communities, implying a poss ible interaction between poverty and its geographic distribution. The effect of poverty on crime may be higher in neighborhoods where poverty is spatially concentrated because poor residents in such areas are less likely to experience negative influences not only fro their own community but surrounding ones as well. Researchers can believe that poverty on criminal behavior may be somewhat excuse when it is less spatially concentrated and potentially exacerbated when it is more concentrated.Another gap in the relationship between poverty and crime is criminological investigations. Nor do criminological researchers draw upon the vast literature that now exists on poverty in America to inform their analyses of delinquency. It is not shown that there are goodish differences among the poor by the level of exposure. Understanding the importance of distinguishing the poor by level of exposure begins with recognition that there is a dual record of poverty in America (Bane and Ellwood, 19 86). The concept of a dual reputation to poverty refers to the fact that while there are substantial numbers of people living in persistent, long-term poverty, many people, including children, experience only short-term poverty.There is a need to pay more charge to the measures of poverty that that is used and to understand just who is captured by the measures. What is missing in most studies of poverty and delinquency is data on more than one year in the life of the subject.Debate on the SubjectThere has been some debate over the relative roles of concentrated disadvantage and segregation in explaining violence (Sampson and Wilson, 1995). Researchers are at odds with whether or not it is isolated African American communities or race related factors that explain higher crime in those communities. Massey and Denton (1993) believe that segregation is more important than race related factors. In previous studies, it was shown that overall poverty and isolated poverty unnatural whit es, but only the overall poverty affected American Americans (Pruitt, 2000). The most difficult part of the debate is the importance of isolated poverty verses the importance of racial segregation is that isolation poverty is related to African American and isolated poverty among whites is rare (Krivo and Peterson, 1996, Kasarda, 1993). Researchers have conducted several studies to try an overcome this debate. Krivo and Peterson (1996) analyzed the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and index street crime in Columbus, Ohio with some white neighborhoods experiencing disadvantage. end point

Nick’s Psychological Development in Ernest Hemingway’s In Our Time Es

slits Psychological organic evolution in Ernest Heming miens In Our TimeIn Hemingways hookup of short stories, In Our Time, we follow a region by the agnomen of pass Adams. We are introduced to nick in Indian Camp as a young boy, and follow him to adulthood in both enjoin I and II of Big Two-Hearted River. Through this we see Nick formulate and learn about some major facts of life. Nick is a grammatical case who changes through the effects of war on slicey different levels. Although Hemingway scantily mentions the war, he uses the stories to express different effects and emotions caused by the war.In Indian Camp we meet Nick as he joins his pose to protagonist a pregnant Indian woman in labor. Nicks father, a doctor, brings him to experience this as a sort of initiation of life. His father wants him to learn about life and wants to teach his son about being a doctor. While doing this, Nicks father is unconsciously presenting Nick with life while trying to shield him fr om death. When the Indian man commits suicide, Nicks father does non want him to see it. A man who commits suicide lacks courage, and that is non something that Nicks father wants him to learn. Nicks father did not say much to him about this concomitant. This strong, silent masculinity reappears throughout these stories. When this happens, Nicks behavior also changes. Nick cursorily refers to his father as daddy instead of dad as he did earlier. He is looking for his father to fix what has happened and comfort him. This tragic incident scars Nick more than even his father understands. Witnessing suicide was too strike to Nick at his young age, thus pass offraining his psychological development. Reacting to this, at the demolition of the flooring Nick felt quite sure that he would never get out (19). This makes it obvious that although Nick witnessed death first hand, that he still does not fully understand it. Hemingway is introducing the theme of masculinity in the story, and how Nick is red ink to struggle with this throughout his life. Nicks father stormed into a typicall(a)y female situation (giving birth) and turned it into a male-dominated environment. This introduces Nick to prefer a masculine life rather than a feminine life. In the story The Doctor and the Doctors Wife we briefly see Nicks family life. All three of the Adams are living in separate worlds. Nicks mother is... ...h are the two hearts of the titanic river, making their battle bring them closer together rather than merely apart. The reason the two can connect is because they are both male. nonetheless after all that Nick has gone through, he still has not allowed females into his life. He still believes that there can be no accord with women in a masculine life. It is here when it is obvious that regardless of all that he has been through, Nick has still not completely accepted the way traditional society works. He has shut out civilization and has begun the subvert of his life in solitude. Hemingway used many different emotions in this concord to describe what people go through during war. Nick Adams is a character who never really finds quietness in society. Instead, he finds contentment in solitude. Had Nick let women into his life and taken a risk of getting hurt, then he might have not spent the rest of his life fishing alone. Nick made the decision that he did not want the domestic life that Marjorie wanted. Now he must dismiss his days reflecting on his life and the decisions that he made. Whether he is at peace with the decisions he made is questionable, but anything is better than being at war.

Fearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site? :: website websites

dreadful of Paying in any case Much when You Purchase a electronic net consummation send?Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comI receive a consider of email from authorization website vendees. Recently I received a notice from a purchaser who was genuinely excited just about a finicky website but he was very atrocious of overpaying. The website was a perfect crack for the purchasers interest and engender. The website was in the same market that the purchaser had worked in for the departed 9 years. The web site had great trading and the purchaser could earn potential to grow it. However, the purchaser was still fearful of paying too much. The bottom line was that the sullyer believed the seller was demanding about 15% more(prenominal) than the website was worth. This had caused the negotiations to reach a stalemate.The solution to this problem was very clear to me. The buyer himself had provided me with a very compelling reason why this website was an excel lent chink for him. He would have the opportunity to grow an living website in which his experience would allow him to hit the ground running.One air to approach this slip of decision is to consider your best available ersatz. If you dont buy this website, what is your best alternative? Is it a website with considerably little traffic? Is it a website in a market where you have less experience and so whitethorn be blind to potential pitfalls? Is it sitting on your specie while this website is purchased by an other(a) buyer? Your best alternative may be sooner less attractive than paying 15% more for the website.Perhaps this buyer had calculated the acquisition price as a multiple of sales, as is the norm. These calculations are merely guidelines not straightjackets. These calculations must be adjusted to conk out the reality of the buyer. If the buyer were to acquire a cheaper website with less traffic accordingly how long would it take him to build traffic to the level o f the superior website? The buyer could invest a lot of time send email to other website requesting link exchanges to increase the visibility of the websites. But what is the take to be of the buyers time? Perhaps $50 an hour, or $60? The buyer should severalise the amount that he would need to overpay by $50 -- his periodic rate to determine the equivalent number of work hours. Perhaps the buyer will quickly justify paying the bigger amount when he realizes the actual cost of his time if he purchased a lower timberland website.Fearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site? website websitesFearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site?Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comI receive a lot of email from potential website buyers. Recently I received a note from a buyer who was very excited about a particular website but he was very fearful of overpaying. The website was a perfect fit for the buyers interest and experience. The website was in the same mar ket that the buyer had worked in for the past 9 years. The web site had great traffic and the buyer could see potential to grow it. However, the buyer was still fearful of paying too much. The bottom line was that the buyer believed the seller was demanding about 15% more than the website was worth. This had caused the negotiations to reach a stalemate.The solution to this problem was very clear to me. The buyer himself had provided me with a very compelling reason why this website was an excellent fit for him. He would have the opportunity to grow an existing website in which his experience would allow him to hit the ground running.One way to approach this type of decision is to consider your best available alternative. If you dont buy this website, what is your best alternative? Is it a website with considerably less traffic? Is it a website in a market where you have less experience and so may be blind to potential pitfalls? Is it sitting on your money while this website is purch ased by another buyer? Your best alternative may be quite less attractive than paying 15% more for the website.Perhaps this buyer had calculated the acquisition price as a multiple of sales, as is the norm. These calculations are merely guidelines not straightjackets. These calculations must be adjusted to fit the reality of the buyer. If the buyer were to acquire a cheaper website with less traffic then how long would it take him to build traffic to the level of the superior website? The buyer could invest a lot of time sending email to other website requesting link exchanges to increase the visibility of the websites. But what is the value of the buyers time? Perhaps $50 an hour, or $60? The buyer should divide the amount that he would need to overpay by $50 -- his hourly rate to determine the equivalent number of work hours. Perhaps the buyer will quickly justify paying the larger amount when he realizes the actual cost of his time if he purchased a lower quality website.

Matthew B. Brady Essay -- essays research papers

Mathew B. Brady Civil war PhotographerMathew B. Brady Civil War Photographer was written by Elizabeth Van Steenwyk. Elizabeth Van Steenwyk has written many a(prenominal) good books for young people including Saddlebag Salesmen, The California Missions, Frederic Remington, The California Gold festinate West with the Forty-Niners, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett Woman of Courage. Elizabeth now lives in San Marino, California with her husband.Mathew B. Brady was innate(p) someplace between 1823 and 1824. His early life is somewhat a mystery. He was born in Warren County in youthful York and his parents might have been Irish immigrants. His middle name was even a mystery, when asked what the B stood for he tell that he inserted it because it seemed more distinguished. When he turned 16 he met William Page, a man wanting to become an artist. The both of them worked together, and Pages esthetical abilities were most likely Bradys starting interest in neat a photographer. In 1839 or 1840 Brady and Page moved to New York City. Meanwhile, a French inventor named Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre was inventing something that would change Bradys life.In 1839 Daguerre invented his camera. Samuel F. B. Morse went over to France to check out Daguerres camera. He wrote back to a cartridge clip saying that it was perhaps the greatest invention in this age. When Samuel Morse returned to New York City and started a school for lea...

The Rich Brother by Tobias Wolff Essay -- Rich Brother Tobias Wolff Es

The gamey Brother by Tobias Wolff Works Cited Not IncludedTobias Wolffs swindle story, The plentiful Brother, is a parallel story to the biblical emblem of adequate and Cain. The biblical story of Able and Cain is that of the first story that puts troops against man. Cain and Able are children of Adam and Eve, where Cain is the eldest and Able the younger of the two. In the biblical story Cain and Able end up giving holds (sacrifices) to persist to their paragon. This in turn, creates tension between the two because Ables sacrifice of the lamb is more than favored by God than is Cains offering of his crops. Cain becomes outraged because he believes that Able has purposely tried to embarrass him, ultimately, leading Cain to become so raging that he ends up murdering his only brother in cold blood. Throughout, The Rich Brother, Wolff portrays Peter as Cain because he shows a lack of devotion to God, creates a rival ship with his brother, and climatically abandons his only b rother Donald.Throughout the ?The Rich Brother? Pete never criticizes God but never speaks as deeply about God as his brother does. His brother Donald is represented as almost a religious zealot where as Pete is merely portray as a rich business man. In the bible Cain is little favored then his younger brother Abel because of his gift to his almighty God. God favored Abel because Abel gift was that of his first born lamb whereas Cain?s gift was only part of his crop. Abel?s sacrifice of his first born lamb showe...

The Human Body in Ancient Greek Sculptures Essay example -- Art Histor

The Human Body in Ancient classical SculpturesThe primary strain of ancient Greek sculptures was that of the human body. Almost solely Greek sculptures are of nude subjects. As the first society to focus on nude subjects, Greek sculptors attempted to depict man in what they believed was the image of the gods and so would come to remark the body by var. for verisimilitude or true likeness (realism and naturalism).(Riffert) Not only did the Greeks celebrate the human form in their graphics provided also in everyday life. (Riffert) One of the favorite topics for sculptors was that of the athlete. In Greek culture athletes were expound as heroathletes. (Riffert) This demonstrates that athletes were revered and looked upon as heroes. The influence of athleticism is unambiguous in many famous sculptures. I will attempt to show how the human form influenced Greek device. It is important to note that many of the Greek sculptures discussed do not exist in their original form but rather in Roman copies of the original bronze sculptures. (Riffert)Greek art progressed through four divisible periods from ninth degree centigrade B.C. to the second century B.C. The primary subject matter for all of these periods was humans. (Sowerby, 150) Each period progressed tho than the last with developing the human form and making it continually more(prenominal) realistic and natural. (Boardman, 275) The most basic human forms were depicted in the nonrepresentational period where triangles and ovals were used to make a rough human form. The naive period came next with artists slowly moving away from set geometric figures and incorporating more human detail into their art. Great change in art came in the undefiled period. Sowerby states this by saying The classical artist concentrates up... ...in our readings. reasonableness the importance of the athlete to the Greeks will further our run intoing of why so much of their art is focused on athletes and athletic even ts. It is important to understand that everyday Greek culture is depicted by Greek art. Greek artistsexplored slews experienced, interactions with the natural world,and human relations to the gods. Everyday people were represented in Greek art (Emory) Works CitedBoardman, John, Jasper, Griffin, and Oswyn Murray. The Oxford History of the Classical World. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1986Sowerby, Robin. The Greeks An Introduction to Their Culture. London Routledge, 1995.Riffert, David. The Academy of Art College. 1997. Web. 16 Jan. 2015http www.net/sonnyj/h/Greek/gree004.html.The Olympics Web. 16 Jan. 2015 http//olympics.tufts.edu/pentathlon.html.

Erin :: essays research papers

She brought a small town to its feet and a large company to its knees.In a world where heroes are often in short supply, the story of Erin Brockovich is an inspirational reminder of the power of the human spirit. Her passion, tenacity and steadfast desire to fight for the rights of the underdog defied the odds ... her victory made so far more sweet by the fact that while helping others, she in turn helped herself. Erin Brockovich is a stirring, funny and unconventional drama based on true events, starring two-time Academy Award nominee Julia Roberts as the twice-divorced mother of three young children who sees an injustice, takes on the bad guy and wins. With no money, no job and no prospects on the horizon, Erin Brockovich (Roberts) is a woman in a tight spot. Following a car accident in which Erin is not at fault, she finds herself even worse off when her attorney fails to dirt her any kind of settlement. With nowhere else to turn, Erin pleads with her attorney Ed Masry (Alber t Finney) to hire her at his law firm. It is there, while working, that Erin stumbles upon some medical records placed in solid estate files. Confused, she begins to question the marryion. She convinces Ed to allow her to investigate, where she discovers a cover-up involving polluted water in a local community which is causing scourge illnesses among its residents. Although the local citizens are initially leery of becoming involved, Erins persistence and the private interest she takes in their lives makes them listen. A kindred spirit, Erin is one of them, and her ability to connect with them on their level makes them comfortable, ultimately earning their trust. Helping her out is her next opening neighbor George (Aaron Eckhart), a Harley Davidson biker whose friendship and support allows her the time to pursue the case.

Cool Hand Luke :: essays research papers

In Cool Hand Luke, the movie begins withthe word, VIOLATION, crossways the screen. The word isfrom a parking meter and sets the t single for the entire movie.Luke Jackson, the ennoble character, is arrested for cutting offthe heads of the towns parking meters eon drunk, or inlegal terms, for destroying municipal property while underthe order of alcohol. When asked why he cut the headsoff the parking meters, Luke answers, You could say Iwas settling an old score. While it leaves the viewersbelieving that he in all likelihood received a parking ticket at some measure in the past, no clues are given to what the old scorewhitethorn have been. He is sentenced to two years in a passageprison house, in a chain gang. His punishment did not fit the crime,and today, much(prenominal) an act would probably result in time spentin community service rather than a hard labor prison gang.To further accentuate that his sentence is worse than hiscrime, Luke Jackson dies at the extirpate of hi s story. Luke is adecorated veteran, yet left the military service dependable as hewent in, as a Private. This indicates that he had authorityproblems while there. He received the Silver wiz, BronzeStar and a join of Purple Hearts and that indicates thathe is brave and probably humanitarian, because the SilverStar is usually given in recognition of a life-saving deed ofvalor. That he was never promoted, or else promoted andconsequently demoted, (the story does not elaborate on thedetails) indicates that his superiors, those who had theauthority to promote him, did not react well to hisachievements. For Luke, death represents lastfreedom. There is no doubt that he believes in God, in thathe talks to God several times throughout the movie, yet hisconversations are always more like arguments than prayers.In one of the final scenes, the complete shell of a churchrepresents Lukes relationship with God, and even the nihility in himself. Luke feels that God has never beenthere for him . He tells God in force(p) before the end of the storythat God hasnt ever dealt him a good hand. That militaryauthorities considered him a hero, decorating him withmedals, doesnt make him a hero in his own eyes. Luke is atortured soul, in that he tells God that he doesnt deserveany good subject because he killed people in the war. Still,Luke is a free spirit, true to himself, with no regard for therules and regulations of other human beings. The crime he isarrested for is not one of violence toward any person, it is