E-Commerce Business Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Commerce Business Model - Assignment ExampleThe main butt of the e-commerce organisation is to attract online customers and to increase the sales (SportsDirect, 2013). The following image will show screen-print of SportsDirectSportsDirect follows Business-to-Consumer (B2C) crease model. in that location are signifi fuckt differences between Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) customers. Concerning B2C customers, it involves business transactions between organisations and customers. The basic concept behind this business model is that e-retailers can sell the products to the customers through various tools such as internet shops or telemarketing. On the other hand, in B2B business model, both purchasers and sellers are business organisations. The purchasing procedure in B2C and B2B is likewise dissimilar. In B2C, the purchasing method is simple where customers use their credit or debit cards along with providing other necessary information in order to make a sale. Conversely, in B2B business model, the retribution can be done through invoice, especially for bulk purchases (Barkley & et. al., 2007).There is substantially more imperil in sales opportunities in B2B websites in comparison to B2C websites. However, it can be observed that several B2B websites had set about bad customer experiences than B2C websites. Majority of B2B websites focus on designing websites for themselves rather than for the suitability of customers. Thus, this attitude creates a hindrance in the way of potential customers who use internet in order to discover organisations which can satisfy their requirements. However, it is worth mentioning that internet had significantly altered the relationship between organisations and customers where majority of interactions are accept oriented (BusinessWire, 2006).The quick development of collaborative internet services has resulted in a continually change magnitude number of e-commerce websites. With the increase in e-commerce

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of gentle Resource Management - Essay Example291) On the other hand, selection can be delimitate as the impact of determining the candidate with the best qualities for the job (Jackson & Schuler, 2000). This essay therefore seeks to critically question the importance of knowing the lawful implications related to the key concepts explained above by the HRM. To select is to distinguish when it comes to recruitment and selection of employees. The issue in this case is not about discriminating but it is about how to discriminate fairly. In simple terms, it is concerned with how this process is done in relation to the human resources management process where job applicants must be treated fairly. In as far as the processes of recruiting and selection be concerned, it can be seen that the most important aspect is that of fairness. The employers need to be fair when they choose candidates to choose the vacant posts in their organisations. Grobler et al (2006) suggests th at employers must not be influenced by factors such as race, gender, finale or physical status of a person when they select people to employ in their organisations. ... downstairs this law, no one is supposed to be unfairly treated as a result of gender, kindle role or religion which may result in that person not getting manipulation even though he is qualified for that position. This law is meant to promote fair recruitment as salubrious as labour practices where candidates for the job posts are not disadvantaged because they do not belong to a certain group of people. An organisation which does not observe this law will be committing and offense and a lawsuit can be filed against that company. It is therefore very important for the human resources management practitioners to oblige an apprehension of the legal requirements relating to employing people. An organisation which fails to observe these legal requirements may be risking its operations given that they can have thei r licence cancelled and this will negatively affect the whole organisation. Companies which also fail to respect the legal requirements of employing people will risk losing money as they can be forced to pay erect sums of money for violating the employment laws of the country. America is also one of the countries with clearly outlined legal requirements relating to employment of people. fit in to Prafdar (2001), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 no organisation should discriminate or harass authority employees on the basis of race, religion or creed. Any company that violates these legal requirements will be committing an offence and can be prosecuted by the court of law. To avoid negative impacts on the company as a result of violating the employment laws, it is very important for the human resources practitioners to have an understanding of the legal

Cyber Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Cyber Security - Essay prototypeIf such antivirus are programmed to be deleting files purported to be infected, this can lead to loss of crucial randomness and at times cause unnecessary inconveniences. Mishra (2013), suggests that files purported to be infected should be isolated (quarantined) into a different directory for repair. However, the infected files should be stored in special directories such as virus bin in order to smear chances of using the infected files because such a move would result into spreading of the virus.Toolwire online labs has numerous tools that are meant for reason operational systems against attacks that compromise the confidentiality, integrity and/or availabilityof information and information systems. The most obvious ones involve the aspect of helping identify spam emails and disabling pop-ups. Fraudsters use spam emails in order to dislocate identity of the email users or what is commonly known as phishing. Spam emails are usually spoofed ema il messages purporting to originate from legitimate businesses and agencies or sources yet they are designed to lead customers to fraudulent websites that reveal customers fiscal data like usernames and passwords (Carpenter, Zhu & Kolimi, 2014).Criminals also engage in phishing using malware with pop-ups being their most preferred strategy. net income users are advised to disable pop-ups, a service provided by Toolwire online labs, avoid entering personal information in pop-up screen, not to click on the links displayed on the pop-up screen, and not to copy web addresses displayed on them. Any legitimate organization would not ask for personal information on pop-up screens, hence customers should deal out precautions (Carpenter, Zhu & Kolimi,

Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

criticism - Article ExampleRelationship marketing is described as the model of creating and retaining clients in a product line. maturation strong value and retaining customers are important strategies that markets employ in the modern competitive business surroundings (Trasorras, Weinstein, & Abratt, 2009). Perhaps one of the most disturbing issues is that some businesses experience courtships of customers defecting from them even when they think that their services and products were exceed offered out. This is the issue that Relationship marketing tries to explain. Positive customer relationships are well maintained through variant methods that businesses choose to invest in (Eriksson & Soderberg, 2010). Some of the methods that have proved successful include the use of incentives standardised customer clubs. In this method, businesses create social forums where customers can be meeting frequently and sharing ideas with the business stakeholders on areas that need general improvement. Customers are also able to share their views on the kinds of products offered and give inputs towards shape up developments.Erickson explains in his paper that the intersubjective approach to customer relationships means that the self of the business and others, who are customers in this event are usually inseparable. In this approach a business is able to put the customer are the core of their business. A customer based approach to marketing is thus the system adopted in marketing where inputs from clients are highly adhered to and respected. Customers are meant to have confident in the services offered by the business, in this case, they should be easily approached for feedback. Customers who experience maximum utility in service delivery are fast(a) to the business and can trade with it for a long time.Should be the duty of management in this case? Managers are meant to study into issues that need to be adopted in order to create and retain customers

Criminal justice Mini study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal justice Mini study - Research Paper ensampleThe research trouble in this context can be recognized as the manage of graffito by gangs in community such as in schools. Conceptually, graffiti refers to certain writings or drawings made on the walls of the communities asserting messages of threat. In various cities of the nations like in the case of New York, the police officers have been assigned to look after this issue. Thus, in this regard, graffiti in the community is the research problem to be identified (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238).Reviewing the prior research. Prior research refers to the study of the current situation of the problem of graffiti with reference to the available data. This step of planning gives more attention on the selection of data appeal method and also gives a clear view of the measures to be taken for solving the problem. Relating to this aspect, the notion of units of compendium specifies on the identification of the problem through the co nduct of researches based upon primary along with secondary data (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238).Research findings of content analysis of graffiti in community. Research findings will contain the implications of the problem i.e. conduct of graffiti in the community. This provides much attention on the goals and the rationales of the study conducted on graffiti in the community. The new(prenominal) aspect concerning the formation of content analysis require to be taken into concern is that the study must not be too limited towards manifest content and also not much elongate towards latent analysis. Manifest analysis gives more importance to the goal of the study, whereas latent analysis focuses upon seeking autarkic evidences. With regards to the problem of graffiti, it can be affirmed that this problem must not only be identified, quite a proper solutions to eradicate this must be found out and implemented (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238).Planning of coding ashes for the study. Thi s planning step focuses upon the establishment of

Communcation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communcation - Essay ExampleCross-cultural differences among citizens and consumers may cause cognitive, behavioral and emotional constraints that formula barriers to good communication. Therefore, human resource managers should maturate business strategies that reduce communication barriers created by cultural differences among wad in the business world. When companies are expanding their business territories, they find themselves handling deal from various subtletys either I the same country or different countries for the case of international businesses. Cross-cultural differences among citizens and people may be problematic for businesses and other organizations. heathenish differences on local, regional, national and international perspectives may influence how organizations communicate with clients. Cultural differences are a central issue in operations of any organization, business or firm. Variations in cultures across organizations and regions worldwide present several barriers to communication. International businesses and companies operate in areas with diverse cultures worldwide. Therefore, managers of such companies should expatiate marketing strategies that incorporate cross-cultural issues. The marketing and advertising strategies should develop business relationships among people from different cultures. An effective communication strategy starts by considering the fact that both the sender and the receiver of the message are people from different cultures. Therefore, understanding such cultural diversity is important in ensuring successful cross-cultural communication. To jibe successful integration of cross-cultural aspects in communication strategies for companies, there is a need for proper inquiry on the effect of cultural diversity on business communication (Romani and Claes, 2014).In order to develop effective measures to manage cross-cultural variations affecting communication it is imperative to understand different cultures. E ach culture has its

Holy Mosque of Mecca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Holy Mosque of Mecca - Essay ExampleIt is covered with silk. Pilgrims must, as their first duty, walk or run around the Kaba seven times murmuring prayers. It can be seen in the court a particular well in which pious Mohammed is said to have dipped linen that is afterward made into shrouds. The hill of Arafat is hold with not bad(p)est reverence by pilgrims. It lies about thirteen miles east of Mecca. all(prenominal) those who make the pilgrimage to the Holy City go to Arafat. They travel on foot, donkeys, horses, and camels. Some caravans have deuce kinds of camels one is for carrying baggage and other provisions, while the other bears the name shugdufs and is decorated with tents of carpets and curtains which protect the riders from the sun. Millions of Moslems flock to Mecca, proficient like centuries ago, beginning the month of December. During the Haj, streets are crowded as people continually come in filling the Haram mosque like a balloon growing larger up to its bursting point.With the growing number of followers and the increasing architectural and engineering possibilities, The Great Mosque of al-Haram is still on the path of restructuring and redesigning until today without losing its commodity, firmness, and delight the elements of architecture. However, although great Moslem populations are open to constructions and renovations, the believers strictly adhere to their belief and strong Islamic civilization and the twenty-first century architecture and methods of construction being implemented on the Great Mosque of al-Haram clearly threatens Islamic culture and belief.Architecture is known by many not only as a course in tertiary education and a profession that brings a promising career but an art of building. As Sir Henry Wotton said in The Elements of Architecture, published posthumously in 1651, it must possess commodity, firmness, and delight in

Research literature related to the health needs of this client Essay

Research literature related to the health needs of this client - Essay ensampleTo this end, the reported struggling history of infections is justified by the health profile to compel a hard treatment regime. His reservations leading up to discontinuation of ART cannot facilitate success in the treatment. Such positions provide occasion hepatitis liver-colored-colored deterioration that will affect other drug metabolism requirements. The end-stage status of Mr. Xs liver infection compounds the complexity of therapy requirements needed for the presenting challenges.Assuming that the treatment regime prescribed to Mr. X has both elements for HIV and HBV treatment, the patient must continue with the prescription. The impacts of discontinuation can occasion severe coinfection to the already weakened health status and cause death. consort to Carosi et al. (2008), current regimes targeted for HBV reduce progression of related liver complications significantly. The authors held that most coinfections from poor countries progress to mortality due to wish of parallel treatment of both infections and lack of efficient care. The high probability of progression of HBV among HIV patients requires strict treatment regimes that can prevent liver failure and related immunity complications. Appropriate treatment regimes must be continued to prevent the phylogenesis of drug resistant strains of the virus causing the coinfection (Reiberger et al. 2012). Apparently, discontinuation of drugs before completion of the prescribed dosage presents grand for the development of resistance. Since viral susceptibility to drugs remains elusive, patients must be assisted to follow their prescriptions. The healthcare meeter serving Mr. X must help cultivate positivity to support adherence to drug administration.According to Benhamou (2004), the appropriate medical regime to handle Mr. Xs condition must contain super Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Aware of the vulnerability of t he HIV positive patients to HBV, treatment options contain the

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON PRISON POPULATION AND RATES OF INCARCERATION IN Paper

PROPOSAL ON PRISON POPULATION AND RATES OF INCARCERATION IN OUR soil - Research Paper ExampleWhile crime level appears to be driving nearly of this growth, overmuch of it is connected to sentencing rules and guidelines, the length of sentences, and a general public intolerance of crimes. Racism is exempt prevalent in America and this is reflected in levels of sentencing and incarceration as well as the proportion of minority races in prisons. This sketch looks at minority races within prisons, what factors drove them to commit crimes, what their background is and what their sentencing severity was like compared to other races. To do this, face-to-face interviews with prisoners and written movementnaires will be undertaken at many prisons across the country. This attempts to provide a press stud of the current prison population in the US, how the racial minorities are distributed and whether in that location are differences in their sentencing and enslavement compared to othe r races. Keywords Prison population, incarcerations, disparity, sentencing policies, African American, racial minority. Contents Prison Population and Rates of Incarceration in the United States of America among Racial Minority Populations 1 A Research Proposal 1 view 2 Prison populations are rapidly growing with no leveling off of growth measure in sight in the United States. ... 2 To do this, face-to-face interviews with prisoners and written questionnaires will be undertaken at many prisons across the country. This attempts to provide a snapshot of the current prison population in the US, how the racial minorities are distributed and whether there are differences in their sentencing and chains compared to other races. 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Why are Prison Populations so proud? 5 What is the Connection between Crime and Prison Population? 7 How is Minority Races Represented? 8 The population of the US is not uniform, and there are many minority groups widely present. While there have been many increases in equality of treatment across races, it is clear that there is still some way to go. The historical election of President Barack Obama into office, making him our first black president has played a large role in the rights and the equal treatment of minority races, however there are still many socioeconomic examples of racial differences in factors such as employment and rate of incarceration . 8 The rates of incarceration have not risen at the same rates for different minorities. For African Americans the rate of increase has been 184% while it has been 235% for Hispanics. In contrast for non-Hispanic whites the rate has been 164% . A strong example of this is the imprisonment rate of young African Americans. Throughout the country an average of three African Americans for every quartette serves some time in prison. This is a high rate, and is not proportionate to rates for non-Hispanic whites . 9 The question remains, what is driving the high rates of imprisonment for racial

Development of an Assessment Plan for the Howard Univ College of Article

Development of an judging Plan for the Howard Univ College of Liberal arts Undergraduate Program - Article ExampleThe mission of the Howard University College of Liberal Arts is to provide its graduates with an education that is rooted in Pursuit of knowledge, well-disposed justice, delicate expression and intellectual emancipation (Howard University, 2013). It seeks to foster creative and critical idea in artistic and scholarly arnas. Furthermore, it intends on providing solutions to human and social problems. Nurturing cultural diversity is part of its mission. The College intends on building responsibility towards the global community. The assessment plan go forth dwell on measurement of critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Since critical thinking has been mentioned as one of the goals in the Liberal Arts College, then the analysis will openly foreshadow whether this goal is being achieved. Measurement of written and oral communication skills will assist in artistic expression as well as creativity, which are all cited in the Colleges mission. They will hold towards achievement of the knowledge, intellectual freedom and social justice goals, as well. ... Technical correctness is non such(prenominal) a valuable trait, and using curriculum-specific tests would reinforce it. Instead of such an approach, students need to be tested on their ability to inquire and question various situations. Critical thinking, oral and written communication skills are the parameters that are most relevant to rational inquiry. 2. Tools and Instruments for assessment i) CLA CLA (Collegiate Learning Assessment) is designed to measure a range of third competencies that include problem solving, written communication competencies, analytic reasoning and critical thinking. The measurement of such resistant abilities makes the assessment applicable to almost all types of colleges. Furthermore, the measures cut across different disciplines. One should n ote that this is not an assessment of intellect or any content abilities. The test is designed in such a way that it gives students holistic tasks to which they must respond. Some of the tasks may focus on written communication go others dwell on engagement sample performance. Usually, those questions come from real-world scenarios such as education, policy and daily work practice. The concerned students must employ analytic and critical thinking skills in the situation. They must them communicate these decisions in proper written English and then justify their choices (Hatfield, 2009). Usually, the test is administered online and the responses to the essay-type questions will be scored online through accompaniment software. Humans need to participate in marking the performance- type questions. However, they must have undergone thorough pedagogy so as to grade the answers on the basis of certain standards. An example of a task is the telephone circuit type assignment, which ask s

Education, No child left behind act Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education, No child left down act - Article ExampleSupreme Court banned racial segregation in human beings schools and determined that the separate but equal doctrine was unconstitutional. On Jan. 8, 2002, professorship Bush signed the No babe Left Behind Act of 2001 into law with tremendous bipartisan support. The final votes were 87-10 in the Senate and 381-41 in the House. Senators Ted Kennedy (D-MA) and Judd Gregg (R-NH) and Congressmen George Miller (D-CA) and John Boehner (R-OH) were its chief sponsors in the Senate and the House. (US Department of Education). The main prop wholenessnt of the Act was President George W. Bush. President Bush wanted to expand the program lineal opportunities for all students, including students who are just learning the English spoken language and students who are new to the US. The law ensures that all children regardless of their ethnic and cultural origin can contract a quality education and enhance their academic potential. The Act ref lects the Presidents education reform plan and contains changes to the elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The NCLB Act enhances the federal governments role in K-12 education by way on school success as measured by student achievement. The Act also contains the Presidents quadruple education reform principles stronger office for results, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents, and an emphasis on teach methods that have been proven to work. With this law, American taxpayers will derive benefits from their heavy investment in education. (Paige and Gibbons, 2004) No Child Left Behind was the successful culmination of a standards-and-testing movement that began with A Nation at encounter report by the Reagan administration in 1983. This push for a standards-based reform gained further support during the 1989 education summit in Charlottesville, Virginia. In that summit, President George H. W. Bush together with the nations governors set p erformance goals for American schools. By 1991, President Bushs America 2000 proposal included voluntary national testing tied to world disunite standards. President Clinton signed into law Goals 2000, which provided grants to help states develop academic standards. With the 1994 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the states were mandatory to develop content and performance standards for K-12 schools. Congress adopted the passable yearly progress that became the linchpin of accountability in No Child Left Behind. States were mandated to make substantial progress toward the goal of academic development for all students. However, at that time, there was no deadline for these standards to be met. Several states which were supposed to pass the standards failed to meet these standards. (Paige and Gibbons, 2004).Features of the jurisprudence The first feature of the NCLB is that it demanded greater accountability by increasing the annual goals for student a chievement. Schools and districts register adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward meeting set targets. Educators must meet their targets. NCLB has set minimum standards for teacher quality. These standards serve well local educational agencies such as districts on decisions covering curriculum, textbooks and materials. These standards constitute a starting floor for developing assessments to measure student mastery. Annual assessments are done and all students are classified into one of these performance levels. NCLB requires all

Succession Planning in Middle Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Succession Planning in Middle Managment - strain ExampleEffective chronological sequence supplying should be integral to the organizations culture, and the process should cultivate predictability kind of than crazy house or last minute scrambling to find potential leading candidates (Succession Planning for Nursing Leadership, 2006). Succession readiness considers moving through different levels of leadership, such as local chapters to provincial or territorial to discipline organizations.Stated simply, business era contrivening is the process of protecting the owners of a business by planning for the incapacity or death of an owner. The succession plan should address (i) the identity of the replenishment manager(s) of the business, (ii) the identity of the successor owner(s) of the business (perhaps most importantly, by identifying permissible successor owners, we identify those who cannot be successor owner(s) - creditors and other outsiders), and (iii) give-and-take of the interest of a departing owner, whether the departure is due to retirement, disability or death. The advantage of putting a plan in place to deal with inevitable events is that we limit (or eliminate) the unknown and can reach mutual consensus beforehand a potential crisis.Succession planning aims to attract high potential pack (rising stars) to develop as leaders, enhance others leadership skills through formal and informal methods, improve all aspects of others potential and institutionalize leadership development in your association or organization. Succession planning along with workforce management in general is increasingly regarded as a growing influence in determining the success of an enterprise. If it is undertaken effectively then it can ensure that your organization has capable and trained managers to guide its growth (Succession wizard, 2006).The importance of succession planning is in the move to flatter management social organizations. Succession planning is i nsurance for when key people leave an organization. With fewer layers of middle management available to fill these key roles it is important that potential successors atomic number 18 identified early and given appropriate training so that when the time comes for their move to more precedential roles disruption is minimized. The important thing is to build a succession plan which is ongoing and durable rather than something which you just look at during the annual planning process. People are the most important asset and good workforce planning will give business a clear performance and agonistical advantage.Organizations generally have a wealth of talent already working in different positions and levels throughout their business. This hidden resource needs to be identified and tapped as it is a key factor in effective succession planning. Workforce planning allows to know the skills and resources that are already in these people. Utilizing gap analysis, succession planning can identify those people who, with provision of support and training, can climb management structure and become its future leaders.Common elements of succession planning are balance of succession in the labor and organization,

Healthcare mangement - Delivery and service - team work Essay

Healthcare mangement - Delivery and run - team work - Essay ExampleA better knowledge and development of skills of every unmarried is improved by their participation. The welfare of the team and the set goal gains a upper hand than the individualised development and motives of an individual within the team (Growing a team, 2011). In a healthcare setting the members of a team work together to provide care for patients. For instance a physician and physiotherapist may work together to provide care for a patient (Clements, Dault & Alicia, n.d). In many expressions the team attracter can include several members within the team which can result in an unbalance and case the team includes only people with a particular expertise only a circumstantial airfield is focused and developed while gaps are left in the other areas. Many individuals within a team may have a feeling that their talents are underutilized within the team. In case the leader is unable to motivate the members, the work output often is not satisfactory and is left incomplete. In case of such differences, all the team members do not get their fill which is also reflected in the closing result (Growing a team, 2011). In healthcare team work constitutes an important aspect for providing patient care. The collaborative efforts of both the physician and other paramedics would help to provide optimum care and treatment for the patients as the specific skills of everyone in the team results in improved outcomes for the patient.

Why do Brand Extension Strategies Fail Literature review

Why do Brand Extension Strategies Fail - Literature review mannequinThe dodge of home run fender is being used by the makeups in order to cope up with different challenging situations and overcome the competitive pressure in the industry. tally to the Han (1998), the brand appendix of strategy micturate been beneficial for the companies in the process of reaping additional benefits from the already complete brand. The main reason or rationale behind the introduction of peeled product under the name of well known and established brand is to make sure that the customers and market is familiar with the brand and the new product category spate start out market on the basis of the positive and main characteristics of the parent brand (Buil, Chernatony, and Hem, 2009). Different options on tap(predicate) to the brand managers in the process of brand extension are 1. Horizontal Extension the horizontal extension is further divided into line extension and category extension. In t he line extension a consentient new product, within the similar category as that of the parent brand, is introduced in order to target and capture a new and different segment of the market. On the other hand, in the category extension the same brand is extended into a whole new product category. ... IMPACT OF BRAND EXTENSION scheme ON THE BRAND IMAGE AND BUSINESS In order to make sure that the brand extension strategy proves to be beneficial and helpful for the organisation and increase the competitiveness of the organisation it is important to find out and understand the implications of the brand extension strategy on the brand image and overall business of the organisation (Serrao and Botelho, 2008). There are several factors which directly influence the have-to doe with of the brand extensions on the brand image. According to the investigate say of Martinez and Chernatony (2004), the perceived brand quality by the consumers and the attitudes and behaviours of the consumers towards the overall extension strategy have positive squeeze on the general brand image and product brand image. The research study also concluded that the fact that consumers are familiar and aware of the brand only have impact on the general brand image and have no impact on the product brand image. On the other hand the consumers perceived degree of fit between the parent brand and new brand only influence the product brand image. The research study of Martinez and Chernatony (2004), have created a residuum between the general brand image and the product brand image. They have correctly identified the impact of the consumers attitudes on the general brand image and product brand image. However, their stance about the impact of familiarity and sentience on the GBI and PBI is somewhat shaky. If the customers are aware and familiar with the brand it pull up stakes definitely affect the PBI also, because the customers will relate the product with the overall brand image and will associate same image with it. The research study by Park, McCarthy, and Milberg (1993), concluded that the

Character Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

temper Analysis Paper - Essay ExampleThey wear leather jacks, drink gin and grape juice in order to give the appearance of a cool group of buys. However, in the end, the insecurities and fear of Digby is brought preceding as he is unable to maintain his cool in a dire situation.From the interaction amid the group, it seems quite clear that Digby is the untold leader of the group. It is Digby who instigates the group in getting into rebellious situations. For instance, it was Digby who pointed the blue political machine to the narrator. Rather than collaborating with his friends, he took over the situation in a manner that an unofficial leader would take. It was not Digby who was driving the car but rather the narrator because the narrator owned the car. Digby was sitting in the passenger seat right beside the narrator. His stick in the car also points towards his role in the group. He was content to let the narrator ride the car but he placed himself in a position where he co uld control the car. He did this when started fighting for the wheel and leaned over the horn. He even instructed the narrator to daily round on the flashlights (Boyle, 1985).Digbys character is dynamic because it changes at the end of the story. From being a cool boy, Digby evolves into a panic-struck one. Digbys attitude at the beginning of the story was one of nonchalance. He was living a life where he derived fun at others stake. However, when he is bunken up by the man in the blue car, he is scared. Digby did fight with the man initially but realized that he was not strong enough to beat the man. Therefore he ran away from fear. He, like his friends, hid on the other side of lake for the entire night solely out of fear. Even when he did get on in the morning, he was in a further to get back. The offer of drugs by a beautiful girl did not persuade him to stay.In many ways, Digby is quite like the young teenagers. They may appear to be cool from the outside but internal they are

Sound of Thunder Essay Example for Free

Sound of Thunder EssayThe story is about traveling in the time. It takes place in 2055 a Time safari INC fellowship provides a time traveling machine to its customer, so they laughingstock travel in time and go to million years ago. Eckles, who was the world-class character of the story, decided to go to million years ago to hunt gigantic animal. He believed he lowlife be the first person who has hunted the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The most important point of the story is how the slight occurrence could shift the future and affect the earth and people who live in the future in long term. The company sent Eckles to the past with Mr. Travis who was the safari guide in to the past and Lesperance who was Mr.travis assistant. They told Eckles that he must not go out of the data track. Moreover, he couldnt shoot any other animals except those that had been marked.Some animals had been observed by the guides of traveling in to the past and they realized that they will die soon by natur e accident. By the time Eckles saw the dinosaur he got scared so much and panicked therefore, he went out of the path on accident. Travis was so mad at Eckles because he disobeyed him and stepped out of the path. He threatened Eckles that he each will take out the bullet from Tyrannosaurus body, or he will shoot Eckles. Travis explained them they cant leave anything in the past because they dont know how it will affect the future. He believed that killing even a mouse or destroying a plant could ruin nature mickle and influence next faunas generations.When they came back to their own time they realized slight differences. spell was different the reception looked slightly different. Also the result of the recent election had changed. And a guy, whom they believe is dictator, won the election. Eckles looked at his boot and saw the mud on it. When he looked more closely he detect that he stepped on a butterfly. Travis became so furious when he saw the dead butterfly and figure out i t caused all the changes therefore, he shoot Eckles.

Collective Consensus Theory Essay Example for Free

embodied Consensus Theory EssaySocial norms give the sack be defined as The rules that a group uses for divert and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit. Failure to stick to the rules can result in severe punishments, the most fe ard of which is exclusion from the group. A common rule is that the some norms must(prenominal) frequently be displayed neutrality is seldom an option. Here I include other norms, which are as follows a. ) Injunctive Norms These are behaviors, which are perceived as being approved of by other people. b.) Descriptive Norms The perceptions of how other people are actually behaving and whether their behavior is get hold ofed or non. c. ) Explicit Norms written or spoken openly. d. ) Implicit Norms not openly stated (but you find out when you trespass them). e. ) Subjective Norms How we will behave with others who valued us. f. ) individualized Norms Knowing our standards about our own actions. By exploring accessible norms and inequalities, let me be more specific, about the Americans Inequalities in American society have become so institutionalized that we rarely recognize most of them on a daily basis.Some are glaringly obvious the privileges of the elite, the boss ability to come and go as he pleases- but these inequalities are sustaining, obvious, and dont hurt as much because we are conditioned to accept them Some inequalities change as certain circumstances change. The type of social stratification I wish well to discuss is ever changing, weve all experienced it, but have we all noticed it? We like to bring forward we live in a classless, multicultural society where everyone is treated equally. Frankly we are deluded.Of course in that location are classes, and not everyone is treated equally. The classes in our world are based on race, ethnicity, education and politics. Of the phenomenons of social stratification is social inequality, which is the dis tribution of resources dividing society into rank, grades, family, religion and education. These divisions should not occur in our society, but it is the dark truth that it does. Ethnicity is different to race as ethnicity is a distinct cultural definition which people bring out with as customs, family patterns and religion.The sociologist, Max weber, defines ethnic groups as human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of physical type or of customs or of both or because of memories of colonialisation or migration. The biggest problem that arises in race and ethnic relations is disfavour, which is born out of pre-judgment and lack of knowledge. The Sociological causes of prejudice are 1. It draws together people who share it superiority is important. This is an element of Emile Durkheims Collective Consensus Theory. 2. Competing for resources. It is easier to get things if you can write others off as less deserving. 3.We can project onto other s, who we specify are lesser than us, those parts of ourselves that we dont like. The prejudices against those we think are different have negative consequences such as limiting our vision of the world. But out-of-the-way(prenominal) worse is its effect on society it leads to discrimination and the consequence of discrimination is inequality. For Karl Marx, inequality was seen as a dichotomy based on the relations of production and the concept of class is the basic indicator of inequality. Weber saw inequality as three abstracted mechanisms of power class (economic power), status (social prestige power) and political party (political power).Whichever way it is described, inequality is found everywhere, between class, in education, health, occupations and power and within classes with sex, age, ethnicity and religion. However, there is hope in the end, for people can be socially mobile, which is the movement of people between social classes. Societys idea is that if you work at h ard enough you will move up in society, but this is not al ways true. tidy sum can move downwards in the social scale, or may start on the penetrate and stay there because they do not have the same access to education as others may have.These people have less opportunities than others yet they are looked down upon because they are not upwardly mobile. How can people move up socially if they are not on an equal playing orbit to begin with? As long as people continue acting the way they do, inequality and racialism will exist. Education is the key, and while older people may be set in their ways and may not be willing to change their views, we must educate the children, who are are future. Children must be taught that all people are equal and that thinking otherwise is wrong. For it is wrong.We were all created equal. valet do us not so. As per my view, when we live in a society were abiding by social, personal, or subjective norms, which are laid out for social and societal livi ng is of utmost significance I tend to stick to those norms and also inculcate the same things to people who are not aware of them. Man is a social animal, who needs to be trained to adapt different changes in societal environment. He has to abide by the norms laid out by the society to be accepted socially and morally, or else he/she is treated as a aborigine or uncivilized.

Types of Research Essay Example for Free

Types of seek Essay matter 1- radical and AppliedResearch can be classified by purpose or by method. If we categorize it by purpose, it would fall into two major categories Basic Research and Applied Research, while in case of method, it would be deductive query and inductive research.Basic ResearchAlso called Pure or fundamental Research, it is undertaken for increase in companionship. There is no direct benefit as it is a research for the sake of research. It is conducted to satisfy any curiosity such as (a) what makes things happen, (b) why society changes and (c) why kindly relations are in a certain way. In fact, it is the source of most new theories, principles and ideas. Basic research rarely helps anyone directly. It save stimulates new ways of thinking. The main motivation is to expand mans knowledge. There is perfectly no commercial value to the discoveries forceing from such research.However, in the long run, it forms the basis of applied research or developme nt commercial returns. If elementary work is done first, then applied spin-offs often make uptually result from this research. As Dr. George Smoot of says, People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict whats going to develop from basic research. If we only did applied research, we would still be making better spears. To sum up, basic research is rigorously theoretical to increase our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior but does not seek to puzzle out any breathing problem.Applied researchIt is use of basic research or past theories, knowledge and methods for solving an existing problem. It deals with practical problems. It is opposed to pure research which is not problem-oriented but for the increase in knowledge which may or may not be employ in future.In the march world situation, more emphasis is being given to applied research to solve problems arising out of overpopulation and scarceness of natural resources.Applied research should not be treated th e same as Research victimisation (RD) which is involved in developing products demanded by the existing clients. Applied Research, on the other hand, focuses on denudation what needs are not being met and use that information in designing products or function that would create their own demand. Thus, applied research brings in new customers and also provides better products and services to the existing customers. In old days, the mobile phone was expensive, bulky and had a short range. Applied Research foresaw that this product would have a limited market and stressed on cost-cutting, reduced weight and long-distance communication. such measures caused a heavy demandTopic 2- Historical Research Historical research is the process of consistently examining past events to give an account of what has happened in the past. It is not a mere accumulation of facts and dates or even a description of past events. It is a flowing, dynamic account of past events which involves an interpr etation of these events in an sample to recapture the nuances, personalities, and ideas that influenced these events. One of the goals of historic research is to communicate an understanding of past events.Significance of Historical ResearchThe following gives five important reasons for conducting historical research (based on Berg, 1998) 1. To uncover the unknown (i.e., some historical events are not disked). 2. To answer questions (i.e., there are many questions about our past that we not only want to know but can profit from know). 3. To identify the relationship that the past has to the present (i.e., knowing about the past can frequently give a better perspective of current events). 4. To record and evaluate the accomplishments of individuals, agencies, or institutions. 5. To assist in understanding the culture in which we live (e.g., education is a part of our history and our culture).Historical Research MethodologyThere is no one approach that is used in conducting histori cal research although there is a general set of steps that are typically followed. These include the following steps although there is some overlap and movement back and forth in the midst of the steps1. Identification of the research topic and formulation of the research problem or question. 2. Data accruement or literature review. 3. Evaluation of materials. 4. Data synthesis. 5. Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition.

Hawaiian weddings Essay Example for Free

Hawaiian weddings EssayFor legion(predicate) the thermo atomic family has always been viewed as the proper way to bring up children and to live life. However, the subject of families is much deeper than more think. But is the family beneficial to society? Different groups have different views on how beneficial the family is to society. Functionalists, who traditionally reign the sociology of the family, feel that the family is necessary for the running and continuation of an integrated society.It is ssumed by functionalists that if there is the existence of a mixer institution, then it must have a purpose or a function. Functionalists therefore affect the family as beneficial for society. beneficial for society. Families argon crucially important to society without doubt. nigh British people are born into families and then raised by a family. Most of these very same people become up to form families of their own and take the responsibility of being a parent.Many people s ee the family as the normal way of life and watch television programs which revolve around family life. For many the nuclear family has always been viewed as the proper way to bring up children and to live life. However, the subject of families is much deeper than many think. But is the family beneficial to society? assumed by tunctionalists tn t it there is the existence ot a complaisant institution, then it British people are born into tamilies and then raised by a tamily. Most ot these very

Office in the Real World Essay Example for Free

Office in the Real World EssayPeople who lived by the days preceding to the release of personal computers in the mainstream probably put in a more profound gustation for the benefits provided by the software suite, Microsoft Office. Nowadays, the programs bundled into the application may appear rudimentary to most people to call them as common office programs. And yet imagine how tedious it would be or it may have been for professionals in the old days in the absence of an electronic word processor, spreadsheet and presenter. Think how archaic and sluggish the workplace is if companies still relied on typewriters, calculators and acetates over overhead projectors.Those were the good old days and definitely you wouldnt inadequacy to take a back seat with technology. Microsofts version of a word processor seems to be like manna from heaven. And why is that? The program allows you to do gentle key stokes for typing perform erasures through backspace and delete functions save, print and access again your work at a future time. In a typical office setting, Microsoft Word has pass away the key application to encode all those paperwork from correspondences, text editionual matter documents and reports in no time.Moreover, file management of text documents has become a breeze while manner of speaking much needed space since all files are virtually stored as a database on the PCs hard disk. Now the secretary need not browse manually the files but kinda look them up with virtual folders, open and edit if necessary, and of course print as many pages as possible and rush them over to the waiting boss. Computing financials reports for revenues and expenses must have been totally intricate previously. deem all those figures you need to summarize using your calculator just so you could relent the totals for sales reports and income statements.And in case you pressed the wrong set of figures, then you derive incorrect sums and now you have to do it all over a gain. Most likely, there are greater chances for error when computations are d one(a) manually. except with Microsoft Excel, accurate financial reports are easier to produce. All you need to do is input the figures on the cells and the program provides instead a number of functions to make computations easier for you. Sum up hundreds or even thousands of figures in mere seconds. discontinue yet, work with formulas for more specific computations.In the past, corporate personnel had to take with them acetates and slides to play over those dangerous overhead and slide projectors during presentations. Sure that was costly while limiting the presenter with static images of corporate information. Today, Microsoft PowerPoint has become commonplace for presentations inside boardrooms and even classrooms. Talk about convenience for the presenter who can not besides put graphics and other images seamlessly to facilitate discussions but also create as many slides necessary, apologise fro m the hassles of printing them into acetates.Personal Gains As a matter of personal assessment, I am confident that I would be able to efficiently handle a going concern or business in the future, given the availability of Office applications. Now that Ive learned so much about the functionalities of Microsoft Excel, I am sure that monitoring the companys cash flow will be easier than it utilize to be. Using spreadsheets, I will be able to organize efficiently all the inflows in one worksheet and the outflows in another one.Moreover, I could easily generate totals for daily, weekly, monthly and yearly sums in a pall and as often as I want to. Apart from that, I can instantly generate a statement of cash flows in another worksheet through the use of simple formulas. Best of all, jump output can interface with Microsoft Word and PowerPoint. Therefore, if I need my report printed as a text file, I can copy and paste pertinent cells to MS Word and re-layout. If I need exceed data fo r a presentation, all I need to do is copy and paste info over to MS PowerPoint. Indeed, work is easier with Office applications.Referencehttp//ezinearticles.com/?Microsoft-Excelid=253421

Holmes and Watson Essay Example for Free

Holmes and Watson undertakeHolmes requires Watson for companionship, for company, but more importantly as a sort of bodyguard, slightlyone who will protect him. We create already construen, for example, how Holmes always lets Watson take the gun, for he himself does not want to be directly involved in any sort of violence. Holmes also bounces all of his theories and assumption of Watson, to see what his opinion is in the matter What do you make it Watson He would ask, just to see what Watson thought of the whole situation. Watson is someone who is not as adroit or imaginative as Holmes, so he needs to follow Holmes lead, watching what Holmes does. Watson can be seen as the foil of the sword, Holmes being the tip of the sword. You can see that they both need each some another(prenominal) to function efficiently, or neither work as well. Watson, although he doesnt always have an important procedure in the stories, still has a important role because he is the narrator of the story, which means he is the subsume which connects us to Holmes world and he is the one who shows us the character of Holmes.At the start of the Speckled Band, we see the intimacy of these two friends I woke one morning to find Sherlock Holmes standing, fully dressed, by the grimace of my bed. This scene shows how close the two friends are, and shows that their consanguinity as one which is very inside, very close. When Holmes introduces Watson here, he shows us that he regards Watson here as an equal telling Mrs Hudson that This is my intimate friend and associate, Dr Watson before whom you can lecture as freely as before myself.Whilst Holmes doesnt always regard Watson as an equal, perhaps this a beat were he does. Watson is sort of a sound board that Holmes can relay his ideas off of, often postulation for Watsons opinion. He does this perhaps so that he can see if Watson does or does not agree with him, or perhaps so that we can here what Holmes makes of it. Another r eason wherefore Watson is our merge towards Sherlock Holmes, why Watson is so very Important. During the Speckled band Watson is beside Holmes to protect Holmes form danger, in particular Dr Grimsby Roylott.There relationship in all of the stories is pretty similar, with Watson simply observing Holmess actions, whilst adding in personal thoughts of his own. Holmes and Watson are a squad however, they solve the cases together. Although Holmes will sometimes not always require Watsons protection, but also even some ideas What do you make of that Watson? Watson for example, during the adventure of The Silver Blaze figures out something which Holmes could not see The Horse was whole before discovers Watson as he notices a mans tracks alongside the horses.Whilst Watson can figure out certain things for himself, he like Sergeant Gregory lacks the imagination that Holmes has. This is often why Watson can not see beyond the picture, and then cannot discover things as quickly as Holmes . Holmes and Watson used to live as bachelors until Holmes got married in Which shows that their relationship may not of only have grown so intimate during their adventures, but also because the were brisk together. Also at the start of the Sliver Blaze and theSpeckled band, we clearly see just from envisioning the seen how close they are. In the speckled band Holmes is standing next to Watsons bed apologising from waking him. In the flatware blaze, they are sitting down together having breakfast with each other. These scenes show that they have a very deep relationship. Watsons marriage also affects their relationship because it means that they no longer live with each other and therefore may have grown apart.The conclusion of my studies shows that Holmes and Watson are more than simply associate. They have an intimate and deep friendship, which is strengthened through their adventures together. Holmes and Watson work best during the investigations together, combining their diffe rent qualities and strengths to help them solve the case. Holmes in the relationship is the more dominant figure, intellectually smarter than Holmes and mainly contributing to the case itself using his powerful powers of manifestation and imagination.Watson however, is more down to Earth and his role is to assist Holmes by protection (carrying the gun, accompanying Holmes) and being the link between Holmes and us. He is also there perhaps to keep Holmes and check, for when he worries about Holmes smoking. Show catch only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of some(prenominal) that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Effective Human Resource Planning Essay Example for Free

Effective gracious Resource Planning Es offerThe key to effective human resourcefulness centering is human resource readying1.0 Introduction kind Resources (HR) Management is a multifaceted function. This entity has an important place within companies in helping key personnel decide on the best faculty for their use ups, among other things. Sometimes, the employees chosen ar full-time employees already working for the company or they could be contractors. Regardless, the goal of HR Management is to fill the most qualified person for the job.Again, HR Management is a group of professional persons that wear many hats, many of which allow in employee benefits and compensation, hiring and terminating employees, and managing personnel policies and employee records. While sm e rattling(prenominal)er companies allow often perform the tasks of HR Management on their own, most, larger corporations choose to hire professionals to oversee the entire HR department so we can say t hat the key to effective human resource vigilance is human resource planning, as it is stated by Mark and Cynthia, it involves st yardgical plans, then devising ways to meet these objectives . In this essay I will try to focus on strategical planning which is a major factor of planning.2.0 Aims of strategic plansThe fib of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Websters New domain of a function Dictionary, strategy is the science of planning and tell large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy (Guralnic, 1986). In an care to the strategic planning workshop director-general of kwazulu-Netal RK Sizani said employees must be able to advise, facilitate, backing, consult, guide, monitor, resolve disputes and pep up strategic interventions to government and departments. They must be capable of producing rules, procedures, norms, frameworks, standards, draw common plans and go als which will enhance co-ordination. They anticipate people who are experienced and mostwhat capacitated and non junior entrylevel officers.As organizations set forth in size, aims, functions, complexity, construction, the physical nature of their product, and appeal as employers, so do the contributions of human resource management. But, in most the ultimate aim of the function is to ensure that at all times the business is in good rank staffed by the right number of people with the skills relevant to the business needs, that is, n both overstaffed.The second area should be about identifying which of these plans and strategies are so fundamental that there must be clear plans to address them out front the organisation can achieve on any of its goals. These are likely to include* Workforce planning issues* Progression planning* Staff skills plans* Motivation and fair treatment issues* Pay levels designed to recruit, retain and stir up people* A grading and remuneration syste m which is fair* Employment issues which impact on staff recruitment, retention, motivation and so forth* A performance management framework which is designed to meet the needs of all sectors of the organisation.* Career training framework which look at development within the organisation at armament employees with employability so that they can cope with increasingly frequent changes in employer and employment patterns* Policies and framework- to ensure that people development issues are addressed systematically competence frameworks, self-managed learning etc.The HR strategy will need to show that careful planning of the people issues will make it substantially easier for the organisation to achieve its wider strategic and operational goals.3.0 Recruitment of staffRecruitment should be preceded by an analysis of the job to be make (i.e. an analytical study of the tasks to be performed to determine their essential factors) written into a job description so that the selectors kn ow what physical and mental characteristics applicants must possess, what qualities and attitudes are desirable and what characteristics are a decided separate* In the case of replacement staff a life-sustaining questioning of the need to recruit at all (replacement should rarely be an automatic process).* Effectively, pickax is buying an employee (the price being the wage or salary multiplied by probable years of service) hence bad buys can be very expensive. For that reason some firms (and some firms for particular jobs) use external expert consultants for recruitment and selection. Equally some small organizations exist to head hunt, i.e. to attract staff with high reputations from existing employers to the recruiting employer. However, the cost of poor selection is such that, even for the ordinary day-to-day jobs, those who recruit and select should be well trained to evaluate the suitability of applicants.3.1 The main sources of recruitment are* Internal promotion and inter nal introductions* University appointment boards* Agencies for the unemployed* advertise (often via agents for specialist posts) or the use of other local media (e.g. commercial radio).The organization put its trade intention for rapid attraction and it must take care not to offend the sex, race, etc. antidiscrimination legislation either directly or indirectly.Interviewing can be carried out by individuals (e.g. supervisor or departmental manager), by panels of interviewers or in the form of sequential interviews by different personal skills techniques to aid judgment include selection testing for* Aptitudes (particularly useful for school leavers)* Attainments* General intelligence.(All of these need skilled testing and assessment.) In more(prenominal) senior posts other techniques are* Leaderless groups* Command exercises* Group problem solving.(These are some common techniques professional selection organizations often use other techniques to aid in selection.)Training in in terviewing and in appraise candidates is clearly essential to good recruitment. Largely the former consists of teaching interviewers howto draw out the interviewee and the latter how to rate the candidates. For consistency rating often consists of scoring candidates for experience, knowledge, physical/mental capabilities, intellectual levels, motivation, prospective potential, leadership abilities etc.4.0 Analysis4.1 Setting the strategic directionThis process focuses on aligning human resource policies to support the accomplishment of the Companys mission, vision, goals and strategies. The business goals sit at the heart of any HR plan and in order to align business and HR you need to answer one key question, Can your organisations internal power deliver the organisations business goals?Many organisations cite their people as their primary source of competitive advantage. triple-crown companies continuously identify and adopt innovative human resource management policies and pra ctices to sustain that advantage. More importantly, they anatomical structure work and design training, performance management, pay, and reward policies to help members of the organization succeed in achieving desired organisational outcomes. In other words, they integrate and align HRM policies and practices to reinforce employee behaviors that can best realize the leaders strategic intent. In the most successful companies, the set of policies and practices that collectively make up a companys HRM system is the exact management tool for communicating and reinforcing the leaders strategic intent.5.0 ConclusionWhile tender-hearted resource management strategies must be developed to support the achievement of the organisations objectives, it is a two-way process. These strategies can themselves be critical inputs in determining the strategic initiatives for the organisation. A fatal error, however, is to develop and implement Human resource management strategies without thinking of theorganisational strategic planning process. A common mistake is the development of workplace skills plans which are not linked to any strategic goals or objectives or which have no affirmative action components. So, Human resource planning is the key to effective human resource management.6.0 References1. http//www.searchbites.com/docs/HR_MANAGEMENT.asp (28th December 2004)2. Mark Lengnick-Hall and Cynthia Lengnick-Hall. (22 December 2003) Human Resource Management in the Knowledge Economy New Challenges, New Roles, New Capabilities,3. Guralnik, D. (Ed.). (1986). Websters New World Dictionary (2nd ed.). Cleveland, OH Prentice Hall Press.4. R K Sizani, Workshop of the on implementation and action an address to the strategic planning, (02nd December 2001)5. Behrman M, (2004), A guide to strategic human resource planning, Workinfor bulletin, southmost Africa6. http//www.accel-team.com/human_resources/hrm_02.html, (31 December 2004)7. A Strategic Human Resource Management System for the 21st Century. Naval Personnel Task Force, kinsfolk 2000, Story Number NNS040406-02, 04th June 20048. Human Resources, Pay Trends Bulletin ,The employers organisation for local authorities in the south east,(June 2004),

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Example for Free

individual(prenominal) Ethics Statement EssayEthics is a branch of philosophy, which address various issues that regards to chasteity and the ecumenical human behavior in society (Vendemiati 2004). Ethics identifies whether something is good or bad, ignoble or noble, scarcely or unjust, or whether acts of people should be classified as universe vices or virtues. Being honourable entails a number of integrated moral aspects that revolves around the common moral legal philosophy of doing good and avoiding what is evil. individualised Ethics StatementBased on my personal experience and learned conduct lessons, being honorable meaning having the correct moral standards and patterns that guide unitarys behaviors and the actions taken in life thus making one to be able to constantly do what is right and avoid evil. Being good therefore means having the right thought, always being positive in life, and ensuring that one has the right attitude that would guide in ensuring that immoral behaviors that could harm separate peoples lives either directly or indirectly argon avoided at all cost.Ethics also involve individuals being able to accept the wrong things they do and be willing to change for the better. Being ethical, according to me, therefore involve being chastely upright, having the morally accepted life values, and having the desire to serve other people through ones best use of mind, body, and living without being coerced to do so. Based on my life experience and the studies that I have previously conducted, I have come to learn that though religion is a vital aspect of the common moral law, being ethical involves more that being good to oneself.The life experience has also made me to perceive the fact that ethics involves being in a position to be submissive to the higher office staff and ensuring that one avoids doing what is immoral. The fact that people who do non harm other people physically, morally, or socially get to be appreciat ed and loved by others elaborates what being ethical really means being good (Mackie 1990). Previously, I have been making ethical decisions based on the teachings I have reliable from my parents and teachers and through copying the positive aspects of my friends and other people around me.I have always strived to command that the decisions I make in life do not contravene the common moral law and other governing rules and regulations in society. This involves being just and ensuring that I make decisions that would have a dour term benefits and enhance the common good of all humanity. My core believes and values are that all people are equal and that we all deserve to be treated equally by being accorded the see we deserve as human beings.I also strongly believe that the decisions we make in life should constantly be guided by the common moral law of doing good and avoiding evil quite than our self interest. Since I always strive to ensure that I accord other people mean(a) treatment and mutual respect, I always expect to receive similar fair treatment and to be appreciated for the good things I do. Furthermore, I do not expect favors from other people save rather expect to be corrected whenever I do wrong.For instance, whenever I do favor to other people such as giving them medication when they fall seek, I always expect to be thanked and not to be given a token in return. This is illustrated by the fact that whenever my neighbors and friends are in need of food or tuition fees, I have always strived to ensure that I distribute with them the food I have or help them get the money, if I can, and I do not demand repayment to be made. Conclusion According to Mackie (1990), ethical standards are crucial in reinforcing the practice of the morally upright behaviors and acts in society.Courage is important for people to constantly act in an ethical way. Good personal and interpersonal leadership and management skills help individuals to make morally uprigh t decisions without mentation of ones self interest. For instance, treating customers with respect and wide acceptance improve business performance. References Vendemiati, A. (2004). In premiere Person, The outline of Ethics, The general perspective, Rome, The Urbaniana, The University Press. Mackie, L. J. (1990). Ethics The Invention of the Wrong and the Right. London, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013558-8.

Chef Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Chef Satisfaction EssayThe findings showed that employees furrow joy straight off and positively exercises organisational allegiance, barely does not directly set problem mathematical process. Employees subscriber line gaiety get ups concern functioning only through organisational lading. Internal market, empowerment and leadinghip also positively regularize product line satisfaction. dominance and leadership get up employees organizational commitment. Internal pipeline stress negatively influences employees job satisfaction and external job stress enhances employees job death penalty.According to the findings, this paper realized the main factors which influence cordial reception pains employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job mental process, which can function as criteria for gentlemans gentleman preference management in the hospitality labor. Key words Hospitality sedulousness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment , job performance. With the change of the industrial structure in recent years, the output value of the attend patience has incur more than 70% of the GDP in most advanced countries (CIA, 2009). Thus, the answer industry plays a meaningful social occasion in national economic discipline.In 2008, as the world encountered a financial tsunami, the governments of unalike countries selected potential table service industries and supported them with resources, in order to energize economic evolvement. The hospitality industry is a typical service industry, and it is circumstantial service industry around the world. In Taiwan, the scale of the hospitality industry has been increasing year by year. According to the Statistics De go badment, Ministry of Economic Affairs, in 2001 the business volume of the hospitality industry in Taiwan was NTD 261. 3 billion.In 2006 it passed NTD 300 billion and in 2009 it reached NTD 321. 7 billion. However, the hospitality industry refers to lab or services and relies on manpower in areas such as action, delivery and restaurant service. Thus, the hospitality industry is mainly ground on services. As mentioned in Bitners (1995) frame expire of the service merchandise triangle, service supportrs play a decisive role in the service industries. In service industry management, regarding the importance of employees, Heskett et al. (1994) proposed the framework of service profit set up.In the service profit chain, there are critical linkages among inborn service *Corresponding author. E-mail emailprotected tcmt. edu. tw. Tel +886-2-28102292 ext. 5009. Fax +886-2-2810-6688. Tsai et al. 4119 graphic symbol, employee satisfaction/productivity, the value of services provided to the customer, customer satisfaction and high societys profits. This chain shows that cozy service quality can enhance employee satisfaction, which will enhance employee productivity and further result in external service value and enhanced customer sat isfaction. Finally, the company can make a profit (Zeithaml et al. , 2009).Therefore, satisfied employees make satisfied customers. Service military unit satisfaction solidly influences organizational commitment and job performance on customer satisfaction and corporate functional performance (Ladkin, 2002 Dunlap et al. , 1988 Tansuhaj et al. , 1988 Chowdhary, 2003 Yang and Chen, 2010). How to enhance service personnel satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance is a critical yield in service industry management. In past look into on employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, galore(postnominal) scholars (Babin and Boles, 1998 Bernhardt et al. 2000 Van Scotter, 2000 Koys, 2003 Testa, 2001) soak up validated that employees job satisfaction positively influences job performance and organizational commitment. In studies on factors of employees job satisfaction, job performance and organizational commitment, the service profit chain prop osed by Heskett et al. (1994) and service marketing management model indicated by Tansuhaj et al. (1988) on overall service industry both demonstrated that managements internal marketing activities produce job satisfaction and commitment to the organization.In addition, many studies have found close relationships between leadership, employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance (Billingsley and Cross, 1992 Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1994 Burton et al. , 2002 Avolio et al. , 2004 Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). The above studies have mainly foc enjoymentd on the educational service industry, retail industry, manufacturing service industry, medical service industry and governmental institutions, but have not conducted indepth explorations on the hospitality service industry.Hopfl (1994) indicated that in the service delivery, firstline employees must be empowered to some degree in order to cope with customers special demands. Thus, job empowerment can be treated as important management to encourage first-line service personnel and immediately solve customers differential demands. Avolio et al. (2004), Caykoylu et al. (2007) and Chen et al. (2008) respectively conducted empirical studies on medical personnel and employees of the telecommunication industry, banking industry and postal industry, and found that empowerment positively influences employee satisfaction and organizational commitment.One issue decorous of further think over is the extent of how empowerment positively influences hospitality industry employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. In addition, first-line employees face different customer demands and supervisor requirements, therefore job stress is a critical issue for them. Jamal (1990) and Jex (1998) suggested that reducing employees job stress could enhance employees job satisfaction and job performance. Williams and Cooper (2002) and Ouyang (2009) indicated that comely job stress would enhance employees job pe rformance.In the hospitality industry, the influence of job stress from external customers and internal supervisors on employees job satisfaction and job performance is an issue worthy of further exploration. Based on the above, internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress are possible factors of service industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, and these factors are validated in various service industries.However, the solvents in different service industries are not the same. For the hospitality industry, it is important to validate and analyze the influences of the above factors on employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Thus, this case intended to combine internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress and proposed an integrate model of hospitality industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance.Hospitality industry employees in Taipei City w ere treated as the subjects, and the researcher probed into factors of hospitality industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance in order to function as criteria for management in the hospitality industry. literary productions REVIEW frolic satisfaction The term job satisfaction was proposed by Hoppock (1935) who suggested that job satisfaction federal agency employees emotions and attitude toward their jobs, and is their subjective reaction toward their jobs.The exposition of job satisfaction is generalized into three categories (1) Definition of stimulus generalization Job satisfaction refers to the affective reaction to ones job as the most (Ozer and Gunluk, 2010). Job satisfaction, which is one of the most important necessities for an individual to be successful, happy and productive, is a feeling of satisfaction, that is, an outcome of the cognition of what the job provides for an individual (Ay and Av aro lu, 2010) (2) Definition of d ifference This refers to the degree of satisfaction and the difference between ndividual unquestionable returns and required returns. For instance, Porter and Lawler (1968) suggested that the degree of satisfaction depends on the difference between a persons actual returns and expected returns (3)Definition of criterion framework Peoples subjective perception and interpretation on nonsubjective traits of organizations or jobs would be influenced by individual criterion framework. According to Smith et al. (1969), job satisfaction is the outcome after a person interprets the job traits according 4120 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. o the criterion framework. The influence of certain work situations on job satisfaction is related to many factors, such as comparisons between good and terrible jobs, comparisons with some others, personal competency and past experience, etc. Job performance Kane and Lawler (1976) suggested that job performance refers to the record of the results when employees have practiced a job for a certain utmost of time. According to Schermerhorn (1989), job performance refers to the quality and quantity accomplished by individuals or groups after fulfilling a task.After a certain period of time, beats of employees job performance could serve as criterion for promotions, wage adjustments, rewards, punishments and evaluations. Cascio (2006) suggested that managers must particularizedally define performance to allow the groups or employees to recognize the organizational expectations in order to fulfill the organizational goals. In other words, managers must set concrete goals, trace the fulfillment degree and evaluate the teams or employees performance.Van Scotter and Motowidlo (1996) suggested that employees with a high degree of job en gum olibanumiasm will demonstrate extra effort and devotion, and will actively seek out solutions to problems at work in order to enhance their job performance. Robbins (1998) divided the valuatement of job perf ormance into job result, job behavior and personal traits. Lee et al. (1999) divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality. Efficiency refers to the employees output rate and is the cogency to accomplish tasks before deadline.Efficacy refers to the employees goal acquisition rate and proposals. Quality refers to the employees error rate and complaint rate, supervisor satisfaction, customer satisfaction and colleague satisfaction. This study suggested that in the application of this construct to measure hospitality industry employees job performance, efficiency should refer to the employees hurry in customer service, efficacy should mean the accomplishment of tasks assigned by customers, and quality should mean the employees performance in customer service.As to measurement, Shore and Thornton (1986) indicated that self-evaluation allows individuals to participate in performance evaluation and serves as a criterion. Based on the above, according to the views of Lee et al. (1999), this study divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality, and thrifty hospitality industry employees job performance using employee self-evaluation. Smith et al. (1969) proposed the Job Description Index (JDI) to measure job satisfaction, with the constructs including wage, promotion, job, supervisors and colleagues.Black and Gregersen (1997) found a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job performance. Organ (1990) suggested that when employees are satisfied with their work, they are willing to sacrifice themselves and devote to their organization. Organizational commitment From the view of attitude, Porter et al. (1974) indicated that organizational commitment is a persons active and positive purpose to discern with and internalize organizational goals and value.According to Reyes and Pounder (1990), organizational commitment is the strong belief and intention to give away with organizational value, devote to and stay with the orga nization. Mathews and Shepherd (2002) suggested that organizational commitment refers to workers attitude, behavior and connection between individuals and the organization. invitee (1995) indicated that organizational commitment is at the impression of gentlemans gentleman resource management. It transforms traditional manpower management into the core of human resources.Organizational members attitude or intentions particularly indicate the importance of employees organizational commitment. Dee et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is a persons intention to devote to and be loyal to the organization. Lambert et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is the structural phenomenon of trading between individuals and organizations. It increases with time, but it does not lead to a transferable investment outcome. Thus, in theoretical study and practical use, scholars have valued organizational commitment in human resource management.In recent years, many scholars have probed into organizational commitment from the view of Porter et al. (1974). Thus, this study also followed the above view and divided organizational commitment into value commitment, effort commitment and retention commitment. This study further treated these three constructs as criteria to measure hospitality industry employees organizational commitment. Definitions of these constructs are thus shown (1) Value commitment a strong belief and identification with organizational goals and values. 2) Effort commitment the intention to devote more to the organization. (3)Retention commitment a strong intention to continue being part of the organization. Internal marketing Internal Marketing (IM) is the process of handling staff as internal customers and projects as internal products that satisfy the needs and desires of the customers and adhere to the companys goals (Berry and Parasuraman, 1991). Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) suggest that internal marketing involves a planned eff ort to overcome organizational resistance to change and to align, motivate Tsai et al. 4121 nd integrate employees towards the effectual implementation of corporate and functional strategies. Joseph (1996) suggested that internal marketing is can be applied to marketing and human resource management, combining theoretical techniques and principles in order to encourage, recruit and manage all employees in the organization and constantly improve external customer service and mutual services. In addition, Ahmed et al. (2003) defined internal marketing as the employees evaluation of the reward system, internal communication, training and development of the company.Internal marketing empirical research in the service sector has proven that internal marketing has influenced on internal customers (that is, employees) satisfactions. Berry and Parasuraman (1991) suggested that the advantages of internal marketing implementation in organizations are as follows (1) To acquire and find excel lent talent (2) to provide a common vision so that employees have job purpose and meaning (3) to give employees the ability and knowledge to accomplish the work (4) to encourage employees to share the results of teamwork (5) to create job designs be based on the findings of marketing studies.The aforementioned views reveal that corporate implementation of internal marketing allows employees to enhance service quality, which increases the production and profits of the companies. The implementation of internal marketing in the organizations results in an internal service culture, raises service sentience and increases profits (Parasuraman et al. , 1985). Based on the views of these scholars, internal marketing is critical for organizations and influences external marketing to further enhance customer satisfaction.According to the these definitions and based on the views of Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) and Ahmed et al. (2003), this study treated employee evaluations of reward systems, inter nal communication, and training and development of companies as criterion for measuring internal marketing of the hospitality industry. Leadership Leadership refers the process of influencing the team to accomplish the goals (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Leaders are key success factors of an organization ( low-pitched, 1985 Daft, 2002).Skillful leaders recognize and use the interpersonal relationships of the team and strengthen the members loyalty and morale. Effective leaders must learn skills such as patiently sharing information, trusting others and recognizing the timing of interventions (Steckler and Fondas, 1995). In recent years, numerous scholars have tried to dissertate leadership from new perspectives. New studies of leadership opening have particularly stressed the influences of demands between leaders and subordinates, the interaction of personality traits and situational factors on leadership (Bargal and Schmid, 1989).Corporate leaders must select a proper leadership a ccording to their subordinates different demands for supervision, in order to enhance employee satisfaction and fulfill expected goals. Bass and Avolio (1997) divided leadership into transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, subordinates trust, respect and are loyal to their leaders. Leaders can develop their subordinates potential and enhance their confidence by changing their values and beliefs in order to increase their organizational commitment, intention and motivation to create exceptional outcomes.Transformational leadership can be divided into precedent traits, ideal behavior, the encouragement of inspiration, and the stimulation of wisdom and individual care. In addition, transactional leadership means leaders and members remain in the process of negotiation and mutual benefit instead of a persistent one-purpose relationship. Social exchange theory is treated as the theoretical base. When subordinates act according to their l eaders expectations, they will have returns with a specific value. Transactional leadership can be divided into contingent rewards, and active and passive exceptional management.Most numeric studies on leadership have created questionnaires using the MLQ scale designed by Bass and Avolio (1997). The MLQ scale includes 2 constructs (transformational leadership and transactional leadership). This study also designed a leadership questionnaire for the hospitality industry according to the MLQ scale. Empowerment Empowerment signals a transition away from traditional development that confined peoples role to that of passive recipients, effectively rendering them dependent on handouts in the form of foreign aid (OGorman, 1995).Bowen and Lawler common chord (1992) define empowerment as sharing with frontline employees four organizational ingredients (1) Information about the organizations performance (2) rewards based on the organizations performance (3) knowledge about contributing to organizational performance (4) power to make decisions that influence organizational direction and performance. Murat and Thomas (2003) suggested that empowerment does not simply refer to telling employees that they are empowered, but aims to allow the employees to recognize what power has been authorized.Boudrias et al. (2004) suggested that in managerial circles, empowerment application includes two types (1) Empowering the responsibility of decision-making to subordinates era emphasizing rich work environments 4122 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. and diverse authority, information, resources and support, and providing the opportunity to learn in order to improve performance (2) psychological empowerment, which refers to employees experiences of empowerment that are inferred as a mediating variable of empowerment and expected results.According to Sherman (1996), empowerment acknowledges that employees have the power to change in order to encourage employees to increase their competency. Kan ter (1993) suggested that empowerment can keep employees from feeling helpless. Organizations could thus reduce negative effects such as low morale. The most significant effect of empowerment is to enhance employees abilities and self-efficacy (Conger and Kanungo, 1988).Bowen and Lawler III (1992) suggested the advantages of empowerment for organizations below (1) To rapidly respond to customer demands and questions (2) a high degree of employees job satisfaction (3) positive interactions with consumers (4) employees with creative thoughts (5) the creation of loyal customers. About the definition of psychological empowerment, Spreitzer (1995) defines this concept as the psychological state that employees must experience for managerial empowerment interventions to be successful.

Why Safeway Is Better Than Save a Lot Essay Example for Free

Why Safeway Is Better Than remedy a Lot Essay on that points no place like Safeway thats why Safeway is better than Save A stacks Safeway has a fantastic atmosphere were customers feel at ease, the friendly employees always had a smile they side of meat on the other hand Save A Lot had a poor envirment were the shoppers were ignored workers didnt charter a pleasant attitude. I said to myself why have I shop at Save A Lot for so many years? Suddenly, I had an Oprah ,Aha Moment which came over me, subsequently that day I have not been back to Save A Lot First Safeway has case luscious fruits the fresh vanishable are so scrumptious I cant wait to involve home to eat them. And endless variety of fresh fruit that never lacks quality that I am lookingfor Save A Lot did not have quality fruits the vanishable were brown and bruised and lacked freshnesss, fruit were always limed I was so happy that I switch stores because of that reason. Secondly Safeway has fresh meat which is top of line ,fresh unsanded meats also the quality of the the meats at Save A Lot lacked freshness. Most importantly the was not up par refrozen, freezer burned and discolored.In addition, Safeway quality brand name products that I enjoy such(prenominal) as Kelloggs ,Special K and Progresso, just to name a few. Really make me feel unsloped about safeway. Incontrast, I shopped at Save A Lot they lacked brand name products they did not have them in stock. Not only dose safeway have quality prices, but they have every prices. I save fifty dollars at Safeway and when I use my safeway card I always save. Also Safeway I spend only two hundred and forty dollars.Save A Lot the prices are highly high I spent over three hundrend dollars Also Safeway has a lot of women with there children, Save A Lot has college studans who think there saving . However Safeway has quality prices great coupons Save A Lot lacked quality prices ,coupons limed ,Safeway is the places for a girl like me who enjoys ba rgains In conclusion, most of all Save A Lot did not provide , and they did not have quality prices. And I said to my ,thank heaven for the Aha Moment. That is when the illuminate switch came on for me to start shopping at Safeway. My reason is simple, Safeway has quality prices and food.

Laboratory Report on Properties of Carboxylic acids

Laboratory write up on Properties of carboxyl sharpsRamona Mae S. RajaratnamAbstractThis report cedes the different properties of carboxyl acerbicics including solubility, blisteryity of some carboxyl erosives, difference in effect of carboxyl bitters compargond to phenylic red-hots, action of oxidizing agent on the carboxyl sort out and the neutralisation reaction standardised of carboxylic sharps. carboxyl demigods like acetic biting, butyric sultry, oleic tart, succinic acid, stearic acid and benzoic acid were each mixed with urine to test their solubility. The same acids were each mixed with 10% sodium bi ascorbic acidate to test their acid strength. The veritable(prenominal) pKa values of carboxylic acids, phenols, HCO3 and CO32- were used to comp atomic number 18 the acid strength of carboxylic acids with phenols and to judge whether some(prenominal) Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 can be used to successfully disunite phenols from carboxylic acids. carboxylic aci ds like acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid were each mixed with 0.5% KMnO4 to await at the action of KMnO4, an oxidizing agent, on the carboxylic acid sort. This report alike focuses on the finding the neutralization reaction uniform to determine the extraterrestrial being grinder sight of a carboxylic acid. An accurately weighed sample of an unknown carboxylic acid was dissolved, heated and titrated with a previously standardized NaOH solution to find the neutralization identical and ultimately, the wedge potful of the unknown carboxylic acid.IntroductionThis test focuses on the different properties of carboxylic acids. The experiment aims to comp ar the solubility of acetic acid and stearic acid in irrigate and to describe the descent between molecular weight and solubility of carboxylic acids in water. The experiment excessively intends to infer the sexual intercourse acidities of carboxylic acids and phenols based on the relative differences of their reaction with NaHCO3 and explain how NaHCO3 can be used to separate a mixture conditioning a water- indissoluble carboxylic acid and a water indissoluble phenol. The experiment also aims to identify reducing acids and the functional groups responsible for their reduction potential. The experiment also intends to describe a corporeal property much(prenominal) as physical state, color, odor or solubility that can differentiate succinic acid and oxalic acid, acetic acid and lactic acid, acetic acid and formic acid, benzoic acid and stearic acid and acetic acid and butyric acid. And lastly, the experiment looks into the determination of the neutralization equivalent and molar portion of an unknown mono- and dicarboxylic acid.Experimental DetailsThe chase apparatus were used in the experimentvialsVial rackMicro spatulaDropperTest TubesTest Tube Rack deliberation boat50 mL BuretIron standBuret clampErlen Meyer flasksFunnelCorksGraduated Cylinderbunsen burner bur nerWire gauzeTest tube brushVial brushSafety gogglesThe following materials were used in the experimentDistilled waterAcetic acidButyric acidOleic acidstearic acidSuccinic acidBenzoic acidFormic acidlactic acidOxalic acid10% NaHCO30.5% KMnO40.09413 M NaOHBromthymol blue indicatorunknown carboxylic acid (at least 0.2 g)The following procedures were carried come out of the closet in the experimenta. Solubility in Water. The solubility of carboxylic acids in water was tested by mixing water with the following acids acetic, butyric, oleic, stearic, succinic and benzoic. terce drops of the liquid or one micro spatula of the steady acid were added to 2 mL of water. The qualitative results obtained with the solubilities listed for the compounds were checked in a chemical handbook. The data were tabulated.b. reaction with 10% Sodium Bi deoxycytidine monophosphateate. The solubility test of the same acids was repeated with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution. Three drops of the liquid or on e micro spatula of the solid acid were added with 2 mL of 10% sodium bicarbonate solution. The evidence for reaction when water soluble acetic acid and succinic acid when added to reagent was noted. The typical pKa values of carboxylic acids, phenols, HCO3 and CO32- were comp ared.c. Action of an Oxidizing Agent on the carboxyl Acid Group. Five drops of acetic acid were added to three to quintet drops of 0.5 KMnO4 in a vial. The test was repeated with the following acids formic, lactic, oxalic and succinic.d. Neutralization Equivalent of Carboxylic Acids. A 0.2 g sample of unknown carboxylic acid was weighed accurately to four significant figures. The acid was dissolved in 50 mL water or ethanol. The mixture was heated to dissolve on the whole the compound. The solution was titrated with a previously standardized NaOH solution. A bromthymol blue indicator was used. The neutralization equivalent and molar mass of the unknown carboxylic acid were calculated.Results and DiscussionCar boxylic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxy group (COOH). The carbon mite of a carboxy group is surrounded by three groups, making it sp2 hybridized and trigonal planar, with cling angles of approximately 120-.Figure 1 Carboxylic Acid structureCarboxylic acids exhibit dipole-dipole interactions because of their diametric C-O bond and O-H bond. They also exhibit intermolecular hydrogen bonding because they possess a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative group O atom. Carboxylic acids are one of the most polar organic compounds. Most carboxylic acids exist as cyclic dimmers, held together by twain hydrogen bonds.Figure 2 Carboxylic acid dimerAcetic acid is soluble in water. Carboxylic acids with less than 5 carbons in their alkyl radical radical group are soluble in water. The carbon skeleton is not too large for the OH group to solubilize by hydrogen bonding. The hydrophilic nature of the carboxylic group dominates than the hydrophobic nature. This is the rea son why acetic acid and butyric acid are soluble in water.Figure 3 Acetic acid and butyric acidOn the separate hand, oleic acid and stearic acid are non-water-soluble in water. Both have long, bulky carbon chains exceeding the five carbon limit. The OH group cannot solubilize the carbon skeleton via hydrogen bonding. Its hydrophobic character dominates than its hydrophilic nature.Figure 4 Oleic acidFigure 5 Stearic acidA good solvent for stearic acid would be organic solvents like ether, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.Figure 6 Solvents for stearic acidBenzoic acid is non-water-soluble in water because the benzene ring is too bulky and large, and because of its stability, the OH group cannot solubilize it using hydrogen bonding.Figure 7 Benzoic acidSuccinic acid contains two COOH groups because it is a dicarboxylic acid. This tells us that there is an addition in the hydrogen bonding capacity which makes it slightly soluble only because the carbon chain exceeds the five carb on chain limit and its hydrophobic character also shows.Figure 8 Succinic acidCarboxylic acids readily react with Bronsted Lowry bases to form carboxylate ions which are done through deprotonation.Figure 9 Carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonateIn the experiment, sodium bicarbonate was used to deprotonate the carboxylic acid. This was a simple neutralization reaction forming a carboxylate salt, carbon dioxide and water. Acetic acid, butyric acid, succinic acid and benzoic acid react with the sodium bicarbonate. Succinic acid undergoes two deprotonation steps because it contains two COOH groups.An acid can be deprotonated by a base that has a conjugate solution acid with a high pKa. The pKa values of acetic acid, butyric acid, benzoic acid and succinic acid are all 5, and so bases that have conjugate acids with pKa values high than 5 are strong enough to deprotonate them. Oleic acid and stearic acid have pKa values of 9.85 and 10.15 respectively. These pKa values are higher t han the conjugate acid of the base (NaOH) which is H2CO3. This tells us that sodium bicarbonate is not strong enough to deprotonate twain carboxylic acids. Stronger bases are needed to deprotonate them such as NaOH which has a conjugate acid with a pKa of 15.7.Figure 10 Dissociation and pKa values of carboxylic acidsWhen comparing the pKa values of carboxylic acids and phenols, phenols always have a higher pKa value which tells us that phenols are weaker acids than carboxylic acids.Figure 11 pKa values of phenol and carboxylic acidCarboxylic acids and phenols are both acidic. Looking into the Arrhenius explanation of an acid, both when dissolved in water, increases the H+ concentration. Also looking at the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid, acids are proton donors.Figure 12 Bronsted Lowry definition of an acidAside from these two famous definitions of an acid, we must also look into the stability of the conjugate base. A rule states that anything that stabilizes a conjugate bas e makes the starting reagent acidic. When we reproof about phenols, its conjugate base which is the phenoxide is resonance stabilized. It has five resonance structures which disperse the negative charge to three carbons and one oxygen atom. This makes phenols more acidic than alcohols which cannot stabilize its conjugate base via resonance.When we compare phenols with carboxylic acids, carboxylic acids are stronger compared to phenols. For carboxylic acids, their conjugate base which is the carboxylate ion is a lot more stable because they contain two oxygen atoms that delocalize the negative charge. As an effect, carboxylic acids are stronger acids than phenols which is evident in their pKa values.Looking at the pKa values of phenols and carboxylic acids, we could conclude that NaHCO3 can be used to separate a water insoluble carboxylic acid and a water insoluble phenol considering that this insoluble carboxylic acid does not exceed the pKa value of HCO3 (when protonated H2CO3 whi ch is the conjugate acid) which is 6.4. Sodium bicarbonate can successfully separate a water insoluble phenol and a water insoluble carboxylic acid because typical pKa values for phenol which is 10 exceeds 6.4. The NaHCO3, therefore, is not strong enough to deprotonate the phenol but is strong enough to deprotonate the carboxylic acid. It allow for most likely form two layers an organic layer with the phenol and an aqueous layer with the water and carboxylate ion which are products of the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the base.Sodium carbonate is not effective in separating a mixture containing a water insoluble carboxylic acid and a water insoluble phenol. The pKa of CO32- (when protonated becomes HCO3) is close to 10. This tells us that Na2CO3 reacts with some of the phenol and ofcourse with the carboxylic acid. Thus, no complete separation between the two occurs.Figure 13 Sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonateSome carboxylic acids undergo oxidation. These are called redu cing acids. In the experiment, lactic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid are all oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the presence of a brown precipitate which is the reduced KMnO4. Acetic acid and Succinic acid are both non-reducing acids because they do not oxidize in the presence of a strong oxidizing agent, KMnO4.Lactic acid is oxidized into pyruvic acid because it contains an oxidizable group which is OH.Figure 14 Oxidation of lactic acidFormic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.Figure 15 Oxidation of formic acidOxalic acid also oxidizes into carbon dioxide and water.Figure 16 Oxidation of oxalic acidThe neutralization equivalent of an acid is mathematically defined asNeutralization equivalent (NE) = To determine the molar massMolar mass = (X) x neutralization equivalent*Where X is the number of COOH groupsThe molar mass of an unknown carboxylic sample could be determined by computing its neutralization equivalent. Finding the neutralization equivalent requires ti trating the solution of unknown carboxylic acid with a previously standardized solution of NaOH. The exact molarity of the NaOH was found to be 0.09413 M. ii trials were carried out in this section of the experiment. The solid form of the unknown carboxylic acid was water soluble.Weighing of sampleTitrationComputationsTrial 1Volume of NaOH used = terminal burette reading Initial buret reading= 33.80 mL 0.50 mL= 33.30 mLNeutralization equivalent (NE) = = = 66.36 g/molMolar mass = 2 x (66.36 g/mol)= 132.72 g/molTrial 2Volume of NaOH used = Final buret reading Initial buret reading= 32.50 mL -0.30 mL= 32.20 mLNeutralization equivalent (NE) = = = 66.35 mLMolar mass = 2 x (66.35 g/mol)= 132.70 g/molAverage molar mass = = 132.71 g/molThis molar mass was determined to be 95% near the real molar mass of the unknown carboxylic acid.Calculations for determining identity of unknown = 139. 69 139.69 132.71 = 6.98 (error)For MM1 = 132.71 +6.98 = 139.69MM2 = 132.71 6.98 = 125.73For the 1s t presumable molar mass139.69 90.02 (2 X molar mass of COOH) = 49.67CnH2n = 49.67(12.01)n + (1.00)2n = 49.6714.01 n = 49.67n= 3.5/4For the 2nd verisimilar molar mass125.73 90.02 (2 X molar mass of COOH) = 35.71CnH2n = 35.71(12.01)n + (1.00)2n = 35.7114.01n = 35.71n= 2.5/3Possible identities for the carboxylic acid include Glutaric acid, Glutaconic acid and Adipic acid.ConclusionTherefore, the solubility of different carboxylic acids can be rationalized from the structure of the carboxylic acid itself. Acetic acid and butyric acid are soluble since their OH groups are able to solubilize their alkyl chain which does not exceed five carbons. Oleic acid and stearic acid are insoluble in water because their alkyl chain exceeds 5 carbons and the OH group cannot solubilize the long, bulky alkyl chain. A good solvent for stearic acid would be organic solvents like ether, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Benzoic acid is insoluble in water because the benzene ring, due to its stabilit y, cannot be solubilized by the OH group. Succinic acid on the other hand, is soluble in water due to greater capacity of hydrogen bonding because it has two OH groups. Carboxylic acids also react with sodium carbonate through deprotonation. Only acetic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid and butyric acid give a reaction because these acids have a lower pKa value than the conjugate acid of the base which is NaHCO3. Oleic acid and Stearic acid do not react with NaHCO3 because they have higher pKa values than the conjugate acid of the base. This tells us that sodium bicarbonate is not strong enough to deprotonate both carboxylic acids. The rule here is an acid can be deprotonated by a base that has a conjugate acid with a higher pKa. By looking at the pKa values, phenols are weaker acids than carboxylic acids. Phenols are resonance stabilized by carboxylic acids is more stable because they have conjugate bases with two oxygen atoms which delocalize the negative charge. NaHCO3 can be use d to separate a mixture containing a water insoluble carboxylic acid and a water insoluble phenol because phenols do not react with this because it has a higher pKa than its conjugate acid. Na2CO3 is not effective because both phenols and carboxylic acids react, therefore, no separation occurs. Some carboxylic acids react with KMnO4 and are oxidized. Examples are lactic acid which is oxidized to pyruvic acid and formic acid and oxalic acids which are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Non-reducing acids include acetic acid and succinic acid. And for the last part of the experiment, the molar mass of an unknown carboxylic acid may be determined by identifying how many COOH groups are present and by computing its neutralization equivalent.Neutralization equivalent (NE) = Molar mass = (X) x neutralization equivalentSupporting informationIn determining the molar mass or formula for an unknown carboxylic acid, it may be possible to have an unsaturated compound.If the molecular formula is given, plug in the song into this formulaDoU=C= number of carbonsN= number of nitrogensX= number of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)H= number of hydrogensReferences constitutive(a) Chemistry by John McMurryOrganic Chemistry by Janice Smithhttp//chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Hydrocarbons/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Degree_of_UnsaturationWikiperdia.orgwww.studymode.com